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I've already done three months

  • 1 do

    I.
    do n Mus = doh.
    II.
    1 (perform task, be busy) faire [washing up, ironing etc] ; lots/nothing to do beaucoup/rien à faire ; it all had to be done again il a fallu tout refaire ; what are you doing? qu'est-ce que tu fais? ; are you doing anything tonight? tu fais quelque chose ce soir? ; she's been doing too much lately elle en fait trop ces derniers temps ; she does nothing but moan elle ne fait que se plaindre ; what can I do for you? que puis-je faire pour vous? ; will you do something for me? peux-tu me rendre un service? ;
    2 ( make smart) to do sb's hair coiffer qn ; to do one's teeth se laver les dents ; to do the living room in pink peindre le salon en rose ;
    3 ( finish) faire [military service, period of time] ; finir [job] ; I've already done three months j'ai déjà fait trois mois ; the job's almost done le travail est presque fini ; to have done ○ doing sth avoir fini de faire qch ; have you done ○ complaining? tu as fini de te plaindre? ; tell him now and have done with it dis-lui maintenant, ce sera fait ; it's as good as done c'est comme si c'était fait ; that's done it ( task successfully completed) ça y est ; ( expressing dismay) il ne manquait plus que ça ;
    4 ( complete through study) [student] faire [subject, book, author, degree, homework] ;
    5 ( write) faire [translation, critique, biography] ;
    6 ( effect change) faire ; to do sb good/harm faire du bien/mal à qn ; what have you done to the kitchen? qu'est-ce que vous avez fait à la cuisine? ; has she done something to her hair? est-ce qu'elle a fait quelque chose à ses cheveux? ; I haven't done anything with your pen! je n'ai pas touché à ton stylo! ; what are we to do with you! qu'allons-nous faire de toi! ; that hat/dress etc does a lot for her ce chapeau/cette robe etc lui va bien ;
    7 ( cause harm) to do something to one's foot/arm se faire mal au pied/bras ; I won't do anything to you je ne te ferai rien ; I'll do ○ you! ça va être ta fête! ;
    8 ○ ( deal with) the hairdresser says she can do you now la coiffeuse dit qu'elle peut vous prendre maintenant ; they don't do theatre tickets ils ne vendent pas de places de théâtre ; to do breakfasts servir des petits déjeuners ;
    9 ( cook) faire [sausages, spaghetti etc] ; I'll do you an omelette je te ferai une omelette ; well done [meat] bien cuit ;
    10 ( prepare) préparer [vegetables] ;
    11 ( produce) monter [play] ; faire [film, programme] (on sur) ;
    12 ( imitate) imiter [celebrity, voice, mannerism] ;
    13 ( travel at) faire ; to do 60 faire du 60 à l'heure ;
    14 ( cover distance of) faire ; we've done 30 km since lunch nous avons fait 30 km depuis le déjeuner ;
    15 ○ ( see as tourist) faire [Venice, the Louvre etc] ;
    16 ○ ( satisfy needs of) will this do you? ça vous ira? ;
    17 ○ ( cheat) we've been done on s'est fait avoir ; to do sb out of escroquer qn de [money] ; he did me out of the job il m'a pris la place ;
    18 ○ ( sterilize) to be done [person, animal] être stérilisé ;
    19 ○ ( rob) to do a bank faire un casse ○ dans une banque ;
    20 ○ (arrest, convict) to get done for se faire prendre pour [illegal parking etc] ; to do sb for speeding prendre qn pour excès de vitesse.
    B vi (3e pers sg prés does ; prét did ; pp done)
    1 ( behave) faire ; do as you're told ( here and now) fais ce que je te dis ; ( when with others) fais ce qu'on te dit ;
    2 ( serve purpose) faire l'affaire ; that box/those trousers will do cette boîte/ce pantalon fera l'affaire ;
    3 ( be acceptable) this really won't do! ( as reprimand) ça ne peut pas continuer comme ça! ;
    4 ( be sufficient) suffire ; will five dollars do? cinq dollars, ça suffira? ; that'll do! ( as reprimand) ça suffit! ;
    5 ( finish) finir ; have you done? tu as fini? ;
    6 ( get on) ( in competitive situation) [person] s'en sortir ; [business] marcher ; ( in health) [person] aller ; how will they do in the elections? comment est-ce qu'ils s'en sortiront aux élections? ; he's doing as well as can be expected ( of patient) il va aussi bien que possible ; my lettuces are doing well mes laitues poussent bien ;
    7 GB ○ †( clean) faire le ménage ; the woman who does for us la dame qui fait le ménage pour nous ;
    8 ○ GB ( be active) you'll be up and doing again in no time tu seras sur pied très vite.
    1 (with questions, negatives) did he like his present? est-ce qu'il a aimé son cadeau? ; own up, did you or didn't you take my pen? avoue, est-ce que c'est toi qui as pris mon stylo ou pas? ; didn't he look wonderful! est-ce qu'il n'était pas merveilleux! ;
    2 ( for emphasis) he did do it really! il l'a vraiment fait! ; so you do want to go after all! alors tu veux vraiment y aller finalement! ; I do wish you'd let me help you j'aimerais tant que tu me laisses t'aider ;
    3 ( referring back to another verb) he said he'd tell her and he did il a dit qu'il le lui dirait et il l'a fait ; he says he'll come along but he never does il dit toujours qu'il viendra mais il ne le fait jamais ; you draw better than I do tu dessines mieux que moi ; you either did or you didn't de deux choses l'une soit tu l'as fait, soit tu ne l'as pas fait ;
    4 (in requests, imperatives) do sit down asseyez-vous, je vous en prie ; ‘may I take a leaflet?’-‘do’ ‘puis-je prendre un dépliant?’-‘je vous en prie’ ; do shut up! tais-toi veux-tu! ; don't you tell me what to do! surtout ne me dis pas ce que j'ai à faire! ;
    5 ( in tag questions and responses) he lives in France, doesn't he? il habite en France, n'est-ce pas? ; ‘who wrote it?’-‘I did’ ‘qui l'a écrit?’-‘moi’ ; ‘shall I tell him?’-‘no don't’ ‘est-ce que je le lui dis?’-‘non surtout pas’ ; ‘he knows the President’-‘does he?’ ‘il connaît le Président’-‘vraiment?’ ; so do they/you eux/vous aussi ; neither does he/she etc lui/elle etc non plus ;
    6 ( with inversion) only rarely does he write letters il est très rare qu'il écrive des lettres ; little did he suspect/think that il était loin de se douter/de penser que.
    D ○ n GB fête f ; his leaving do son pot ○ de départ.
    do as you would be done by ne faites pas ce que vous ne voudriez pas qu'on vous fasse ; how do you do enchanté ; it doesn't do to be ce n'est pas une bonne chose d'être ; it's a poor do ○ if c'est vraiment grave si ; it was all I could do not to… je me suis retenu pour ne pas… ; nothing doing! ( no way) pas question! ; there's nothing doing here ici il ne se passe rien ; well done! bravo! ; what are you doing with yourself these days? qu'est-ce que tu deviens? ; what are you going to do for…? comment est-ce que tu vas te débrouiller pour…? [money, shelter etc] ; what's done is done ce qui est fait est fait ; what's this doing here? qu'est-ce que ça fait ici? ; all the dos and don'ts tout ce qu'il faut/fallait faire et ne pas faire.
    ▶ do away with [sth] se débarrasser de [procedure, custom, rule, feature] ; supprimer [bus service etc] ; démolir [building] ;
    ▶ do away with [sb] ○ ( kill) se débarrasser de [person].
    ■ do down ○ GB:
    ▶ do [sb] down dire du mal de [person] ; don't do yourself down ne te sous-estime pas.
    ■ do for ○:
    ▶ do for [sb/sth] ( kill) [illness] achever [person] ; fig mettre fin à [ambition, project] ; I'm done for fig je suis foutu ○.
    ■ do in ○:
    ▶ do [sb] in
    1 ( kill) tuer ;
    2 ( exhaust) épuiser ; I feel done in je suis crevé ○.
    ■ do out ○:
    ▶ do [sth] out, do out [sth] faire or nettoyer à fond [spare room, garage].
    ■ do over:
    ▶ do [sth] over US ( redo) refaire [job, work] ;
    ▶ do [sb] over ○ passer [qn] à tabac ○.
    ■ do up:
    ▶ do up [dress, coat] se fermer ;
    ▶ do [sth] up, do up [sth]
    1 ( fasten) refaire [laces] ; fermer [zip] ; do up your buttons boutonne-toi ;
    2 ( wrap) faire [parcel] ; to do one's hair up into a bun se remonter les cheveux en chignon ;
    3 ( renovate) restaurer [house, furniture] ;
    ▶ do oneself up se faire beau/belle ; I was all done up je m'étais fait tout beau.
    ■ do with:
    ▶ do with [sth/sb]
    1 ( involve) it has something/nothing to do with ça a quelque chose à voir/n'a rien à voir avec ; what's that got to do with it? qu'est-ce que cela a à voir là-dedans? ; what's it (got) to do with you? en quoi est-ce que ça te regarde? ; it's got everything to do with it c'est là qu'est tout le problème ; his shyness is to do with his childhood sa timidité est liée à son enfance ; ( talk to) he won't have anything to do with me any more il ne veut plus rien avoir à faire avec moi ; ( concern) it has nothing to do with you cela ne vous concerne pas ;
    2 ( tolerate) supporter ; I can't do with loud music/all these changes je ne supporte pas la musique trop forte/tous ces changements ;
    3 ( need) I could do with a drink/with a holiday j'aurais bien besoin d'un verre/de partir en vacances ;
    4 ( finish) it's all over and done with c'est bien fini ; have you done with my pen/the photocopier? tu n'as plus besoin de mon stylo/la photocopieuse? ; I've done with all that fig j'en ai fini avec tout ça.
    ▶ do without [sb/sth] se passer de [person, advice etc] ; I can do without your sympathy je me passe de ta pitié ; I can't do without the car je ne peux pas me passer de la voiture ; you'll have to do without! il va falloir que tu t'en passes!

    Big English-French dictionary > do

  • 2 go

    I [gəu] 1. гл.; прош. вр. went, прич. прош. вр. gone
    1)
    а) идти, ехать, двигаться

    We are going too fast. — Мы идём слишком быстро.

    Who goes? Stand, or I fire. — Стой, кто идёт? Стрелять буду.

    The baby went behind his mother to play a hiding game. — Малыш решил поиграть в прятки и спрятался за маму.

    Go ahead, what are you waiting for? — Идите вперёд, чего вы ждёте?

    I'll go ahead and warn the others to expect you later. — Я пойду вперёд и предупрежу остальных, что вы подойдёте позже.

    My brother quickly passing him, went ahead, and won the match easily. — Мой брат быстро обогнал его, вышел вперёд и легко выиграл матч.

    As the roads were so icy, the cars were going along very slowly and carefully. — Так как дороги были покрыты льдом, машины продвигались очень медленно и осторожно.

    The deer has gone beyond the trees; I can't shoot at it from this distance. — Олень зашёл за деревья; я не могу попасть в него с этого расстояния.

    You've missed the bus, it just went by. — Ты опоздал на автобус, он только что проехал.

    Let's go forward to the front of the hall. — Давай продвинемся к началу зала.

    I have to go in now, my mother's calling me for tea. — Мне надо идти, мама зовёт меня пить чай.

    The car went into a tree and was severely damaged. — Машина влетела в дерево и была сильно повреждена.

    The police examined the cars and then allowed them to go on. — Полицейские осмотрели машины, а потом пропустили их.

    I don't think you should go out with that bad cold. — Я думаю, с такой простудой тебе лучше сидеть дома.

    It's dangerous here, with bullets going over our heads all the time. — Здесь опасно, пули так и свистят над головами.

    I fear that you cannot go over to the cottage. — Боюсь, что ты не сможешь сходить в этот коттедж.

    I spent a day or two on going round and seeing the other colleges. — Я провёл день или два, обходя другие колледжи.

    This material is so stiff that even my thickest needle won't go through. — Этот материал настолько плотный, что даже моя самая большая игла не может проткнуть его.

    Don't leave me alone, let me go with you! — Не бросай меня, позволь мне пойти с тобой!

    The piano won't go through this narrow entrance. — Фортепиано не пройдёт сквозь этот узкий вход.

    There is no such thing as a level street in the city: those which do not go up, go down. — В городе нет такого понятия как ровная улица: те, которые не идут вверх, спускаются вниз.

    to go on travels, to go on a journey, to go on a voyage — отправиться в путешествие

    He wants me to go on a cruise with him. — Он хочет, чтобы я отправился с ним в круиз.

    в) уходить, уезжать

    Please go now, I'm getting tired. — Теперь, пожалуйста, уходи, я устал.

    I have to go at 5.30. — Я должен уйти в 5.30.

    There was no answer to my knock, so I went away. — На мой стук никто не ответил, так что я ушёл.

    Why did the painter leave his family and go off to live on a tropical island? — Почему художник бросил свою семью и уехал жить на остров в тропиках?

    At the end of this scene, the murderer goes off, hearing the police arrive. — В конце сцены убийца уходит, заслышав приближение полиции.

    Syn:
    г) пойти (куда-л.), уехать (куда-л.) с определённой целью

    to go to bed — идти, отправляться, ложиться спать

    to go to press — идти в печать, печататься

    You'd better go for the police. — Ты лучше сбегай за полицией.

    д) заниматься (чем-л.); двигаться определённым образом (что-л. делая)

    The bus goes right to the centre of town. — Автобус ходит прямо до центра города.

    The ship goes between the two islands. — Корабль курсирует между двумя островами.

    ж) разг. двигаться определённым образом, идти определённым шагом

    to go above one's ground — идти, высоко поднимая ноги

    2)
    а) следовать определённым курсом, идти (каким-л. путем) прям. и перен.

    the man who goes straight in spite of temptation — человек, который идёт не сбиваясь с пути, несмотря на соблазны

    She will never go my way, nor, I fear, shall I ever go hers. — Она никогда не будет действовать так, как я, и, боюсь, я никогда не буду действовать так, как она.

    б) прибегать (к чему-л.), обращаться (к кому-л.)
    3) ходить (куда-л.) регулярно, с какой-л. целью

    When I was young, we went to church every Sunday. — Когда я был маленьким, мы каждое воскресенье ходили в церковь.

    4)
    а) идти (от чего-л.), вести (куда-л.)

    The boundary here goes parallel with the river. — Граница идёт здесь вдоль реки.

    б) выходить (куда-л.)

    This door goes outside. — Эта дверь выходит наружу.

    5) происходить, случаться, развиваться, проистекать

    The annual dinner never goes better than when he is in the chair. — Ежегодный обед проходит лучше всего, когда он председательствует.

    The game went so strangely that I couldn't possibly tell. — Игра шла так странно, что и не рассказать.

    The election went against him. — Выборы кончились для него неудачно.

    What has gone of...? — Что стало, что произошло с...?

    Nobody in Porlock ever knew what has gone with him. — Никто в Порлоке так и не узнал, что с ним стало.

    6)

    The battery in this watch is going. — Батарейка в часах садится.

    Sometimes the eyesight goes forever. — Иногда зрение теряют навсегда.

    I could feel my brain going. — Я чувствовал, что мой ум перестаёт работать.

    You see that your father is going very fast. — Вы видите, что ваш отец очень быстро сдаёт.

    б) ломаться; изнашиваться ( до дыр)

    The platform went. — Трибуна обрушилась.

    About half past three the foremast went in three places. — Около половины четвёртого фок-мачта треснула в трёх местах.

    The dike might go any minute. — Дамбу может прорвать в любую минуту.

    My old sweater had started to go at the elbows. — Мой старый свитер начал протираться на локтях.

    Syn:
    в) быть поражённым болезнью, гнить (о растениях, урожае)

    The crop is good, but the potato is going everywhere. — Урожай зерновых хорош, а картофель начинает повсюду гнить.

    7) разг. умирать, уходить из жизни

    to go to one's own place — умереть, скончаться

    to go aloft / off the hooks / off the stocks / to (the) pot разг. — отправиться на небеса, протянуть ноги, сыграть в ящик

    Your brother's gone - died half-an-hour ago. — Ваш брат покинул этот мир - скончался полчаса назад.

    Hope he hasn't gone down; he deserved to live. — Надеюсь, что он не умер; он заслужил того, чтобы жить.

    The doctors told me that he might go off any day. — Доктора сказали мне, что он может скончаться со дня на день.

    I hope that when I go out I shall leave a better world behind me. — Надеюсь, что мир станет лучше, когда меня не будет.

    8)
    а) вмещаться, подходить (по форме, размеру)

    The space is too small, the bookcase won't go in. — Здесь слишком мало места, книжный шкаф сюда не войдёт.

    Elzevirs go readily into the pocket. — Средневековые книги-эльзевиры легко входят в карман.

    The thread is too thick to go into the needle. — Эта нитка слишком толста, чтобы пролезть в игольное ушко.

    Three goes into fifteen five times. — Три содержится в пятнадцати пять раз.

    All the good we can find about him will go into a very few words. — Всё хорошее, что мы в нём можем найти, можно выразить в нескольких словах.

    б) соответствовать, подходить (по стилю, цвету, вкусу)

    This furniture would go well in any room. — Эта мебель подойдёт для любой комнаты.

    I don't think these colours really go, do you? — Я не думаю, что эти цвета подходят, а ты как думаешь?

    Oranges go surprisingly well with duck. — Апельсины отлично подходят к утке.

    That green hat doesn't go with the blue dress. — Эта зелёная шляпа не идёт к синему платью.

    в) помещаться (где-л.), постоянно храниться (где-л.)

    This box goes on the third shelf from the top. — Эта коробка стоит на третьей полке сверху.

    This book goes here. — Эта книга стоит здесь (здесь её место).

    He's short, as jockeys go. — Он довольно низкого роста, даже для жокея.

    "How goes it, Joe?" - "Pretty well, as times go." — "Как дела, Джо?" - "По нынешним временам вполне сносно".

    10) быть посланным, отправленным (о письме, записке)

    I'd like this letter to go first class. — Я хотел бы отправить это письмо первым классом.

    11) проходить, пролетать ( о времени)

    This week's gone so fast - I can't believe it's Friday already. — Эта неделя прошла так быстро, не могу поверить, что уже пятница.

    Time goes so fast when you're having fun. — Когда нам весело, время бежит.

    Summer is going. — Лето проходит.

    One week and half of another is already gone. — Уже прошло полторы недели.

    12)
    а) пойти (на что-л.), быть потраченным (на что-л.; о деньгах)

    Whatever money he got it all went on paying his debt. — Сколько бы денег он ни получил, всё уходило на выплату долга.

    Your money went towards a new computer for the school. — Ваши деньги пошли на новый компьютер для школы.

    Not more than a quarter of your income should go in rent. — На арендную плату должно уходить не более четверти дохода.

    б) уменьшаться, кончаться (о запасах, провизии)

    We were worried because the food was completely gone and the water was going fast. — Мы беспокоились, так как еда уже кончилась, а вода подходила к концу.

    The cake went fast. — Пирог был тут же съеден.

    All its independence was gone. — Вся его независимость исчезла.

    One of the results of using those drugs is that the will entirely goes. — Одно из последствий приёма этих лекарств - полная потеря воли.

    This feeling gradually goes off. — Это чувство постепенно исчезает.

    They can fire me, but I won't go quietly. — Они могут меня уволить, но я не уйду тихо.

    14)
    а) издавать (какой-л.) звук

    to go bang — бахнуть, хлопнуть

    to go crash / smash — грохнуть, треснуть

    Clatter, clatter, went the horses' hoofs. — Цок, цок, цокали лошадиные копыта.

    Something seemed to go snap within me. — Что-то внутри меня щёлкнуло.

    Crack went the mast. — Раздался треск мачты.

    Patter, patter, goes the rain. — Кап, кап, стучит дождь.

    The clock on the mantelpiece went eight. — Часы на камине пробили восемь.

    15)
    а) иметь хождение, быть в обращении ( о деньгах)
    б) циркулировать, передаваться, переходить из уст в уста

    Now the story goes that the young Smith is in London. — Говорят, что юный Смит сейчас в Лондоне.

    16)

    My only order was, "Clear the road - and be damn quick about it." What I said went. — Я отдал приказ: "Очистить дорогу - и, чёрт возьми, немедленно!" Это тут же было выполнено.

    He makes so much money that whatever he says, goes. — У него столько денег, что всё, что он ни скажет, тут же выполняется.

    - from the word Go

    anything goes, everything goes разг. — всё дозволено, всё сойдёт

    Around here, anything goes. — Здесь всё разрешено.

    Anything goes if it's done by someone you're fond of. — Всё сойдёт, если это всё сделано тем, кого ты любишь.

    в) ( go about) начинать (что-л.; делать что-л.), приступать к (чему-л.)

    She went about her work in a cold, impassive way. — Холодно, бесстрастно она приступила к своей работе.

    The church clock has not gone for twenty years. — Часы на церкви не ходили двадцать лет.

    All systems go. — Всё работает нормально.

    She felt her heart go in a most unusual manner. — Она почувствовала, что сердце у неё очень странно бьётся.

    Syn:
    18) продаваться, расходиться (по какой-л. цене)

    to go for a song — идти за бесценок, ничего не стоить

    There were perfectly good coats going at $23! —Там продавали вполне приличные куртки всего за 23 доллара.

    Going at four pounds fifteen, if there is no advance. — Если больше нет предложений, то продаётся за четыре фунта пятнадцать шиллингов.

    This goes for 1 shilling. — Это стоит 1 шиллинг.

    The house went for very little. — Дом был продан за бесценок.

    19) позволить себе, согласиться (на какую-л. сумму)

    Lewis consented to go as high as twenty-five thousand crowns. — Льюис согласился на такую большую сумму как двадцать пять тысяч крон.

    I'll go fifty dollars for a ticket. — Я позволю себе купить билет за пятьдесят долларов.

    20) разг. говорить
    21) эвф. сходить, сбегать ( в туалет)

    He's in the men's room. He's been wanting to go all evening, but as long as you were playing he didn't want to miss a note. (J. Wain) — Он в туалете. Ему туда нужно было весь вечер, но пока вы играли, он не хотел пропустить ни одной нотки.

    22) ( go after)
    а) следовать за (кем-л.); преследовать

    Half the guards went after the escaped prisoners, but they got away free. — На поиски беглецов отправилась половина гарнизона, но они всё равно сумели скрыться.

    б) преследовать цель; стремиться, стараться (сделать что-л.)

    Jim intends to go after the big prize. — Джим намерен выиграть большой приз.

    I think we should go after increased production this year. — Думаю, в этом году нам надо стремиться увеличить производство.

    в) посещать в качестве поклонника, ученика или последователя
    23) ( go against)
    а) противоречить, быть против (убеждений, желаний); идти вразрез с (чем-л.)

    to go against the grain, go against the hair — вызывать внутренний протест, быть не по нутру

    I wouldn't advise you to go against the director. — Не советую тебе перечить директору.

    It goes against my nature to get up early in the morning. — Рано вставать по утрам противно моей натуре.

    The run of luck went against Mr. Nickleby. (Ch. Dickens) — Удача отвернулась от мистера Никльби.

    Syn:
    б) быть не в пользу (кого-л.), закончиться неблагоприятно для (кого-л.; о соревнованиях, выборах)

    One of his many law-suits seemed likely to go against him. — Он, судя по всему, проигрывал один из своих многочисленных судебных процессов.

    If the election goes against the government, who will lead the country? — Если на выборах проголосуют против правительства, кто же возглавит страну?

    24) ( go at) разг.
    а) бросаться на (кого-л.)

    Our dog went at the postman again this morning. — Наша собака опять сегодня набросилась на почтальона.

    Selina went at her again for further information. — Селина снова набросилась на неё, требуя дополнительной информации.

    The students are really going at their studies now that the examinations are near. — Экзамены близко, так что студенты в самом деле взялись за учёбу.

    25) ( go before)
    а) представать перед (чем-л.), явиться лицом к лицу с (чем-л.)

    When you go before the judge, you must speak the exact truth. — Когда ты выступаешь в суде, ты должен говорить чистую правду.

    б) предлагать (что-л.) на рассмотрение

    Your suggestion goes before the board of directors next week. — Совет директоров рассмотрит ваше предложение на следующей неделе.

    Syn:
    26) ( go behind) не ограничиваться (чем-л.)
    27) ( go between) быть посредником между (кем-л.)

    The little girl was given a bar of chocolate as her payment for going between her sister and her sister's boyfriend. — Младшая сестра получила шоколадку за то, что была посыльной между своей старшей сестрой и её парнем.

    28) ( go beyond)
    а) превышать, превосходить (что-л.)

    The money that I won went beyond my fondest hopes. — Сумма, которую я выиграл, превосходила все мои ожидания.

    Be careful not to go beyond your rights. — Будь осторожен, не превышай своих прав.

    б) оказаться трудным, непостижимым (для кого-л.)

    I was interested to hear the speaker, but his speech went beyond me. — Мне было интересно послушать докладчика, но его речь была выше моего понимания.

    I don't think this class will be able to go beyond lesson six. — Не думаю, что этот класс сможет продвинуться дальше шестого урока.

    •
    - go beyond caring
    - go beyond endurance
    - go beyond a joke
    29) (go by / under) называться

    to go by / under the name of — быть известным под именем

    Our friend William often goes by Billy. — Нашего друга Вильяма часто называют Билли.

    He went under the name of Baker, to avoid discovery by the police. — Скрываясь от полиции, он жил под именем Бейкера.

    30) ( go by) судить по (чему-л.); руководствоваться (чем-л.), действовать в соответствии с (чем-л.)

    to go by the book разг. — действовать в соответствии с правилами, педантично выполнять правила

    You can't go by what he says, he's very untrustworthy. — Не стоит судить о ситуации по его словам, ему нельзя верить.

    You make a mistake if you go by appearances. — Ты ошибаешься, если судишь о людях по внешнему виду.

    I go by the barometer. — Я пользуюсь барометром.

    Our chairman always goes by the rules. — Наш председатель всегда действует по правилам.

    31) ( go for)
    а) стремиться к (чему-л.)

    I think we should go for increased production this year. — Думаю, в этом году нам надо стремиться увеличить производительность.

    б) выбирать; любить, нравиться

    The people will never go for that guff. — Людям не понравится эта пустая болтовня.

    She doesn't go for whiskers. — Ей не нравятся бакенбарды.

    в) разг. наброситься, обрушиться на (кого-л.)

    The black cow immediately went for him. — Чёрная корова немедленно кинулась на него.

    The speaker went for the profiteers. — Оратор обрушился на спекулянтов.

    г) становиться (кем-л.), действовать в качестве (кого-л.)

    I'm well made all right. I could go for a model if I wanted. — У меня отличная фигура. Я могла бы стать манекенщицей, если бы захотела.

    д) быть принятым за (кого-л.), считаться (кем-л.), сходить за (кого-л.)

    He goes for a lawyer, but I don't think he ever studied or practised law. — Говорят, он адвокат, но мне кажется, что он никогда не изучал юриспруденцию и не работал в этой области.

    е) быть действительным по отношению к (кому-л. / чему-л.), относиться к (кому-л. / чему-л.)

    that goes for me — это относится ко мне; это мое дело

    I don't care if Pittsburgh chokes. And that goes for Cincinnati, too. (P. G. Wodehouse) — Мне всё равно, если Питсбург задохнётся. То же самое касается Цинциннати.

    •
    - go for broke
    - go for a burton
    32) ( go into)
    а) входить, вступать; принимать участие

    He wanted to go into Parliament. — Он хотел стать членом парламента.

    He went eagerly into the compact. — Он охотно принял участие в сделке.

    The Times has gone into open opposition to the Government on all points except foreign policy. — “Таймс” встал в открытую оппозицию к правительству по всем вопросам, кроме внешней политики.

    Syn:
    take part, undertake
    б) впадать ( в истерику); приходить ( в ярость)

    the man who went into ecstasies at discovering that Cape Breton was an island — человек, который впал в экстаз, обнаружив, что мыс Бретон является островом

    I nearly went into hysterics. — Я был на грани истерики.

    в) начинать заниматься (чем-л. в качестве профессии, должности, занятия)

    He went keenly into dairying. — Он активно занялся производством молочных продуктов.

    He went into practice for himself. — Он самостоятельно занялся практикой.

    Hicks naturally went into law. — Хикс, естественно, занялся правом.

    г) носить (о стиле в одежде; особенно носить траур)

    to go into long dresses, trousers, etc. — носить длинные платья, брюки

    She shocked Mrs. Spark by refusing to go into full mourning. — Она шокировала миссис Спарк, отказываясь носить полный траур.

    д) расследовать, тщательно рассматривать, изучать

    We cannot of course go into the history of these wars. — Естественно, мы не можем во всех подробностях рассмотреть историю этих войн.

    •
    - go into details
    - go into detail
    - go into abeyance
    - go into action
    33) ( go off) разлюбить (что-л.), потерять интерес к (чему-л.)

    I simply don't feel anything for him any more. In fact, I've gone off him. — Я просто не испытываю больше к нему никаких чувств. По существу, я его разлюбила.

    34) ( go over)
    а) перечитывать; повторять

    The schoolboy goes over his lesson, before going up before the master. — Ученик повторяет свой урок, прежде чем отвечать учителю.

    He went over the explanation two or three times. — Он повторил объяснение два или три раза.

    Syn:
    б) внимательно изучать, тщательно рассматривать; проводить осмотр

    We went over the house thoroughly before buying it. — Мы тщательно осмотрели дом, прежде чем купить его.

    I've asked the garage people to go over my car thoroughly. — Я попросил людей в сервисе тщательно осмотреть машину.

    Harry and I have been going over old letters. — Гарри и я просматривали старые письма.

    We must go over the account books together. — Нам надо вместе проглядеть бухгалтерские книги.

    35) ( go through)

    It would take far too long to go through all the propositions. — Изучение всех предложений займёт слишком много времени.

    б) пережить, перенести (что-л.)

    All that men go through may be absolutely the best for them. — Все испытания, которым подвергается человек, могут оказаться для него благом.

    Syn:
    в) проходить (какие-л. этапы)

    The disease went through the whole city. — Болезнь распространилась по всему городу.

    д) осматривать, обыскивать

    The girls were "going through" a drunken sailor. — Девицы обшаривали пьяного моряка.

    е) износить до дыр (об одежде, обуви)
    ж) поглощать, расходовать (что-л.)
    36) ( go to)
    а) обращаться к (кому-л. / чему-л.)

    She need not go to others for her bons mots. — Ей нет нужды искать у других остроумные словечки.

    б) переходить к (кому-л.) в собственность, доставаться (кому-л.)

    The house went to the elder son. — Дом достался старшему сыну.

    The money I had saved went to the doctors. — Деньги, которые я скопил, пошли на докторов.

    The dukedom went to his brother. — Титул герцога перешёл к его брату.

    And the Oscar goes to… — Итак, «Оскар» достаётся…

    в) быть составной частью (чего-л.); вести к (какому-л. результату)

    These are the bones which go to form the head and trunk. — Это кости, которые формируют череп и скелет.

    Whole gardens of roses go to one drop of the attar. — Для того, чтобы получить одну каплю розового масла, нужны целые сады роз.

    This only goes to prove the point. — Это только доказывает утверждение.

    г) составлять, равняться (чему-л.)

    Sixteen ounces go to the pound. — Шестнадцать унций составляют один фунт.

    How many go to a crew with you, captain? — Из скольких человек состоит ваша команда, капитан?

    д) брать на себя (расходы, труд)

    Don't go to any trouble. — Не беспокойтесь.

    Few publishers go to the trouble of giving the number of copies for an edition. — Немногие издатели берут на себя труд указать количество экземпляров издания.

    The tenant went to very needless expense. — Арендатор пошёл на абсолютно ненужные расходы.

    37) ( go under) относиться (к какой-л. группе, классу)

    This word goes under G. — Это слово помещено под G.

    38) ( go with)
    а) быть заодно с (кем-л.), быть на чьей-л. стороне

    My sympathies went strongly with the lady. — Все мои симпатии были полностью на стороне леди.

    б) сопутствовать (чему-л.), идти, происходить вместе с (чем-л.)

    Criminality habitually went with dirtiness. — Преступность и грязь обычно шли бок о бок.

    Syn:
    в) понимать, следить с пониманием за (речью, мыслью)

    The Court declared the deed a nullity on the ground that the mind of the mortgagee did not go with the deed she signed. — Суд признал документ недействительным на том основании, что кредитор по закладной не понимала содержания документа, который она подписала.

    г) разг. встречаться с (кем-л.), проводить время с (кем-л. - в качестве друга, подружки)

    The "young ladies" he had "gone with" and "had feelin's about" were now staid matrons. — "Молодые леди", с которыми он "дружил" и к которым он "питал чувства", стали солидными матронами.

    39) ( go upon)
    а) разг. использовать (что-л.) в качестве свидетельства или отправного пункта

    You see, this gave me something to go upon. — Видишь ли, это дало мне хоть что-то, с чего я могу начать.

    б) брать в свои руки; брать на себя ответственность

    I cannot bear to see things botched or gone upon with ignorance. — Я не могу видеть, как берутся за дела либо халтурно, либо ничего в них не понимая.

    40) (go + прил.)

    He went dead about three months ago. — Он умер около трех месяцев назад.

    She went pale. — Она побледнела.

    He went bankrupt. — Он обанкротился.

    Syn:
    б) продолжать (какое-л.) действие, продолжать пребывать в (каком-л.) состоянии

    We both love going barefoot on the beach. — Мы оба любим ходить босиком по пляжу.

    Most of their work seems to have gone unnoticed. — Кажется, большая часть их работы осталась незамеченной.

    The powers could not allow such an act of terrorism to go unpunished. — Власти не могут допустить, чтобы террористический акт прошёл безнаказанно.

    It seems as if it were going to rain. — Такое впечатление, что сейчас пойдёт дождь.

    Lambs are to be sold to those who are going to keep them. — Ягнята должны быть проданы тем, кто собирается их выращивать.

    42) (go and do smth.) разг. пойти и сделать что-л.

    The fool has gone and got married. — Этот дурак взял и женился.

    He might go and hang himself for all they cared. — Он может повеситься, им на это абсолютно наплевать.

    Oh, go and pick up pizza, for heaven's sake! — Ради бога, пойди купи, наконец, пиццу.

    •
    - go across
    - go ahead
    - go along
    - go away
    - go back
    - go before
    - go by
    - go down
    - go forth
    - go forward     - go together
    ••

    to go back a long way — давно знать друг друга, быть давними знакомыми

    to go short — испытывать недостаток в чём-л.; находиться в стеснённых обстоятельствах

    to go the way of nature / all the earth / all flesh / all living — скончаться, разделить участь всех смертных

    to let oneself go — дать волю себе, своим чувствам

    Go to Jericho / Bath / Hong Kong / Putney / Halifax! — Иди к чёрту! Убирайся!

    - go far
    - go bush
    - go ape
    - go amiss
    - go dry
    - go astray
    - go on instruments
    - go a long way
    - go postal
    - Go to!
    - Go to it!
    - let it go at that
    - go like blazes
    - go with the tide
    - go with the times
    - go along with you!
    - go easy
    - go up King Street
    - go figure
    - go it
    - go the extra mile
    - go to the wall     2. сущ.; разг.
    1) движение, хождение, ходьба; уст. походка

    He has been on the go since morning. — Он с утра на ногах.

    2)
    а) ретивость, горячность ( первоначально о лошадях); напористость, энергичность; бодрость, живость; рвение

    The job requires a man with a lot of go. — Для этой работы требуется очень энергичный человек.

    Physically, he is a wonderful man - very wiry, and full of energy and go. — Физически он превосходен - крепкий, полный энергии и напористости.

    Syn:
    б) энергичная деятельность; тяжелая, требующая напряжения работа

    Believe me, it's all go with these tycoons, mate. — Поверь мне, приятель, это все деятельность этих заправил.

    3) разг. происшествие; неожиданный поворот событий (то, которое вызывает затруднения)

    queer go, rum go — странное дело, странный поворот событий

    4)

    Let me have a go at fixing it. — Дай я попробую починить это.

    - have a go
    Syn:
    б) соревнование, борьба; состязание на приз ( в боксе)

    Cost me five dollars the other day to see the tamest kind of a go. There wasn't a knockdown in ten rounds. — На днях я потратил пять долларов, чтобы увидеть самое мирное состязание. За десять раундов не было ни одного нокдауна.

    в) приступ, припадок ( о болезни)
    5)
    а) количество чего-л., предоставляемое за один раз
    б) разг. бокал ( вина); порция ( еды)

    "The score!" he burst out. "Three goes o' rum!" (R. L. Stevenson, Treasure Island) — А деньги? - крикнул он. - За три кружки! (пер. Н. Чуковского)

    б) карт. "Мимо" (возглас игрока, объявляющего проход в криббидже)
    7) разг.
    а) успех, успешное дело
    б) соглашение, сделка
    ••

    all the go, quite the go — последний крик моды

    first go — первым делом, сразу же

    II [gɔ] сущ.; япон.
    го (настольная игра, в ходе которой двое участников по очереди выставляют на доску фишки-"камни", стремясь окружить "камни" противника своими и захватить как можно большую территорию)

    Англо-русский современный словарь > go

  • 3 date

    ̈ɪdeɪt I
    1. сущ.
    1) дата, число, день to date ≈ на сегодня at an early date ≈ в более ранний срок, раньше at a future date, at a later date ≈ позже to fix a date, to set a date ≈ назначить, определить время, дату cut-off date ≈ крайний срок, крайняя дата due date ≈ срок, дата платежа significant date ≈ важная (историческая) дата target date ≈ оговоренная, условленная дата date of birth ≈ дата рождения bear a date of the same date of today's date of yesterday's date
    2) время;
    период, срок;
    пора Up to this date Burns was happy. ≈ До этого времени Бернс был счастлив. a flower's brief date ≈ краткий срок, отпущенный цветку Syn: season
    1., period
    1.
    3) а) разг. свидание Before parting, we had made a date for half-past four next day on the same spot. ≈ Прежде чем расстаться, мы назначили свидание на следующий день на
    4. 30 на том же месте. blind date Syn: tryst б) амер.;
    разг. тот, с которым назначено свидание In pairs we crowded into cars, our dates in our laps. ≈ Парами мы втиснулись в машины и расселись, каждый держа на коленях свою девушку.
    4) а) эпоха antiquities of Roman date ≈ памятники эпохи Древнего Рима б) возраст His date doubled her own. ≈ Его возраст в два раза превысил ее собственный.
    5) театр. ангажемент;
    представление
    2. гл.
    1) датировать, относить к определенному времени (событие и т. п.) ;
    вести начало( от какого-л. времени или события), восходить( back to, from) You cannot date the carving and it is difficult to date the stone itself. ≈ Вы не можете отнести резьбу к какому-либо определенному периоду, и еще труднее датировать сам камень. The church dates back to
    1173. ≈ Построение церкви датируется 1173 годом.
    2) проставлять дату, число ( на письме, документе и т. п.) ;
    указывать время и место The letter is dated 2 July
    1996. ≈ Письмо датировано 2 июля 1996 г. We thank you for your letter dated the 15th May. ≈ Благодарим Вас за Ваше письмо, датированное 15 мая. The letter was dated from London at eight o'clock in the morning. ≈ На письме было указано: Лондон, восемь утра.
    3) считать, исчислять Life is not dated merely by years. ≈ Жизнь исчисляется не просто годами. Six full days had passed dating from the time when the eruption appeared. ≈ Прошло полных шесть дней, считая с того момента, как высыпала сыпь.
    4) разг. устареть Blue and white is the classic colour combination and will never date. ≈ Голубой и белый - это классическое сочетание цветов, которое никогда не выйдет из моды.
    5) амер.;
    разг. назначать свидание to date a girl ≈ назначить свидание девушке They've been dating for three months. ≈ Они встречались три месяца. II сущ.
    1) финик
    2) финиковая пальма Syn: date-palm
    3) сл.;
    ласк. глупышка, дурашка (глупый или смешной человек) A kid like that ought not to talk about love at her age, the soppy little date. ≈ Ребенок в ее возрасте не должен говорить о любви, маленькая дурашка. дата, число, день - delivery * дата поставки( оборудования и т. п.) - installation * дата установки - under the * (of) January 1О за десятое января - without * без даты - the * of birth дата рождения - to bear а * быть датированным - up to thе * when до того дня, когда - what's the * today? какое сегодня число? - what's the * of this discovery? когда было сделано это открытие? - the * is set for August 5 назначено на пятое августа - it was done at а much earlier * это было сделано гораздо раньше время и место время;
    срок, период;
    пора;
    эпоха - Roman * эпоха Древнего Рима - the * of youth юные годы, пора молодости - at that * в те времена, в ту пору - the events of recent * события последнего времени возраст - his * is thirty ему тридцать лет( компьютерное) продолжительность, период (американизм) тот же день - "Тhe New York Times" of * номер "Нью-Йорк Таймс" за то же число - your letter of even * ваше сегодняшнее письмо газеты the latest *s последние газеты, последние выпуски газет (устаревшее) пора;
    конец - all has its * всему приходит конец > out of * устарелый, несовременный;
    отживший свой век;
    старомодный, вышедший из моды;
    > to go out of * устареть, выйти из моды;
    > to * современный;
    сегодняшний;
    до сих пор > the progress made to * результаты, достигнутые в последнее время /имеющиеся на сегодняшний день/ > there's по news to * до сих пор нет никаких новостей;
    > uр to * до настоящего времени;
    современный, новейший;
    стоящий на уровне современных требований;
    находящийся в курсе дела /новостей, событий/;
    (бухгалтерское) доведенный до последнего дня /до сего дня/ (о гроссбухе, отчете и т. п./ > to bring smth. up to * обновить что-л.;
    > to bring smb. up to * ввести кого-л. в курс дел;
    > to kеер smb. up to * снабжать кого-л. последними сведениями;
    держать кого-л. в курсе дел;
    > to keep smth. up to * усовершенствовать что-л.;
    пополнять что-л. последними данными проставлять дату, датировать, ставить число;
    указывать время и место - to * а document проставить дату на документе;
    - he decided to * his letter "Chicago" он решил проставить на письме обратный адрес "Чикаго" - the letter is *d from Chicago письмо послано из Чикаго - the envelope is *d the 20th of August на конверте была проставлена дата - 20 августа иметь дату, датироваться;
    содержать указание времени и места - the letter *s from London письмо послано из Лондона датировать, относить к определенному времени, возводить к определенной эпохе - to * smb.'s birth установить дату чьего-л. рождения - to * the vase from Mycenaean times датировать вазу микенской эпохой датироваться, относиться к определенному времени, восходить к определенной эпохе - thе monument *s bасk to the time of... памятник восходит ко времени... - these ideas * from before the war эти идеи возникли еще до войны считать, исчислять - geological time is not *d bv years геологическое время исчисляется не годами (from) считаться, исчисляться устареть (разговорное) свидание, встреча - to mаkе a * with smb. назначить свидание с кем-л. - I made а * with her fог supper я пригласи. ее на ужин - to go out оn а * with smb. пойти на свидание с кем-л. - to ask smb. for а * просить кого-л. о встрече - I have а * with him у меня с ним свидание человек, с которым назначено свидание (разговорное) назначать свидание - l'm *d up already у меня уже назначено свидание финик (ботаника) финиковая пальма (Phoenix dactylifera) air ~ дата выхода в эфир alongside ~ дата подачи грузов к борту appoint a ~ назначать дату ~ срок, период;
    out of date устарелый;
    up to date стоящий на уровне современных требований;
    современный;
    новейший;
    at that date в то время, в тот период availability ~ срок дата получения balance sheet ~ дата представления балансового отчета balance sheet ~ срок представления финансового отчета billing ~ дата выписки счета broken ~ нестандартный срок валютной или депозитной операции call ~ дата отказа от договора closing ~ дата закрытия closing ~ дата закрытия бухгалтерской книги closing ~ бирж. дата закрытия позиции closing ~ последний день отчетного периода cock ~ нестандартный срок валютной или депозитной операции commencement ~ дата вступления в силу commencing ~ дата начала compatibility ~ вчт. дата обеспечения совместимости contract ~ срок, оговоренный контрактом cutoff ~ дата прекращения cutoff ~ конечный, последний срок date вести исчисление( от какой-л. даты) ~ вести начало( от чего-л.) ;
    восходить (к определенной эпохе;
    тж. date back) ;
    this manuscript dates from the XIVth century эта рукопись относится к XIV веку ~ выйти из употребления;
    устареть ~ дата, число (месяца) ;
    date of birth день рождения ~ дата ~ датировать ~ вчт. датировать ~ датировать to ~ до настоящего времени to ~ на данное число ~ амер. разг. назначать свидание;
    to date a girl назначить свидание девушке ~ проставлять дату ~ разг. свидание;
    I have got a date у меня свидание;
    to make a date назначить свидание ~ срок, период;
    out of date устарелый;
    up to date стоящий на уровне современных требований;
    современный;
    новейший;
    at that date в то время, в тот период ~ срок ~ разг. тот, кому назначают свидание ~ финик ~ финиковая пальма ~ амер. разг. назначать свидание;
    to date a girl назначить свидание девушке ~ of accounts срок представления отчетности ~ of acquisition дата приобретения ~ of allotment дата распределения ~ дата, число (месяца) ;
    date of birth день рождения ~ of birth дата рождения ~ of commencement дата начала ~ of completion срок завершения операции ~ of completion срок совершения сделки ~ of consumption срок годности ~ of consumption срок использования ~ of conveyance срок доставки ~ of dealing дата заключения сделки ~ of delivery срок доставки ~ of deposit in warehouse срок хранения на складе ~ of disbursement срок выплаты ~ of earning день выдачи заработной платы ~ of expiry истечение срока ~ of expiry конечный срок действия ~ of first entitlement to dividends дата появления права на дивиденды ~ of first entitlement to interest payments дата появления права на выплату процентов ~ of inception of risk дата наступления страхового риска ~ of invoice дата выдачи счета-фактуры ~ of issue дата выпуска займа ~ of issue дата эмиссии ~ of leaving hospital дата выписки из больницы ~ of maturity срок платежа ~ of maturity срок погашения ценной бумаги ~ of maturity of coupon срок погашения купона ~ of merger дата слияния компаний ~ of patent дата выдачи патента ~ of patent дата издания описания к патенту ~ of patent дата начала действия патента ~ of payment срок платежа ~ of performance срок исполнения ~ of possession срок владения ~ of presentation срок представления ~ of presentation срок предъявления ~ of ratification( DOR) дата ратификации ~ of sailing дата выхода судна в море ~ of sailing дата отплытия ~ of sale дата продажи ~ of settlement дата заключения сделки ~ of settlement дата заключения соглашения ~ of term срок окончания ~ of transaction дата заключения сделки ~ of transfer дата перевода денег ~ of transfer дата передачи права ~ of transfer дата перечисления денег delivery ~ дата доставки drawn-on ~ дата выставления drawn-on ~ дата погашения due ~ директивный срок due ~ плановый срок due ~ срок платежа due ~ срок погашения кредитного обязательства due ~ установленный срок effective ~ дата вступления в силу event occurence ~ вчт. срок наступления события expiration ~ дата окончания expiry ~ дата окончания expiry ~ for presentation окончательный срок представления file generated ~ вчт. дата создания файла filing ~ пат. дата подачи заявки filing ~ пат. дата регистрации заявки final ~ окончательная дата final ~ окончательный срок final maturity ~ окончательный срок платежа finalization ~ дата завершения finalization ~ срок окончания fix a ~ назначать день fixed ~ установленный срок fixed ~ фиксированный срок from ~ с сегодняшнего дня from ~ с этого дня ~ разг. свидание;
    I have got a date у меня свидание;
    to make a date назначить свидание inception ~ дата начала inception ~ (уст.) дата получения ученой степени (в Кембриджском университете) initial settlement ~ первый расчетный день interest payment ~ дата выплаты процентов interim due ~ промежуточный срок платежа issue ~ дата выпуска launch ~ дата выброса товара на рынок launch ~ срок выпуска loading ~ дата погрузки loan interest ~ срок ссудного процента ~ разг. свидание;
    I have got a date у меня свидание;
    to make a date назначить свидание makeup ~ дата подведения итога maturity ~ дата наступления срока платежа maturity ~ дата платежа maturity ~ дата погашения maturity ~ срок платежа maturity ~ срок погашения on-sale ~ дата продажи opening ~ дата открытия ~ срок, период;
    out of date устарелый;
    up to date стоящий на уровне современных требований;
    современный;
    новейший;
    at that date в то время, в тот период out: ~ of date вышедший из моды ~ of date вышедший из употребления ~ of date несовременный ~ of date просроченный ~ of date устаревший policy expiration ~ дата окончания срока страхования policy expiry ~ дата окончания срока страхования premium due ~ срок уплаты страхового взноса principal due ~ основной срок платежа priority ~ пат. дата приоритета pub ~ вчт. дата публикации purge ~ вчт. дата истечения срока хранения purge ~ вчт. дата чистки redemption ~ дата выкупа redemption ~ дата погашения redemption ~ срок выкупа redemption ~ срок погашения reference ~ базисная дата reference ~ исходная дата repayment ~ дата погашения rollover ~ срок очередной фиксации плавающей ставки по кредиту sailing ~ дата отхода sailing ~ день отхода settlement ~ ликвидационный период settlement ~ расчетный день settling ~ расчетный период statement ~ дата выписки счета statement ~ дата регистрации takeover ~ дата поглощения takeover ~ дата приобретения компанией контрольного пакета другой компании tax filing ~ срок подачи налоговой декларации tender ~ дата проведения торгов termination ~ дата прекращения действия ~ вести начало (от чего-л.) ;
    восходить (к определенной эпохе;
    тж. date back) ;
    this manuscript dates from the XIVth century эта рукопись относится к XIV веку trade ~ дата заключения сделки under today's ~ за сегодняшнее число under today's ~ сегодняшним числом ~ срок, период;
    out of date устарелый;
    up to date стоящий на уровне современных требований;
    современный;
    новейший;
    at that date в то время, в тот период use-by ~ срок годности value ~ дата валютирования value ~ дата поставки валюты value ~ срок векселя

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > date

  • 4 for

    1. preposition
    1) (representing, on behalf of, in exchange against) für; (in place of) für; anstelle von

    what is the German for "buzz"? — wie heißt "buzz" auf Deutsch?

    2) (in defence, support, or favour of) für

    be for doing something — dafür sein, etwas zu tun

    it's each [man] or every man for himself — jeder ist auf sich selbst gestellt

    3) (to the benefit of) für
    4) (with a view to) für; (conducive[ly] to) zu

    they invited me for Christmas/Monday/supper — sie haben mich zu Weihnachten/für Montag/zum Abendessen eingeladen

    what is it for? — wofür/wozu ist das?

    5) (being the motive of) für; (having as purpose) zu

    take somebody for a ride in the car/a walk — jemanden im Auto spazieren fahren/mit jemandem einen Spaziergang machen

    work for a living — für den Lebensunterhalt arbeiten

    run/jump etc. for it — loslaufen/-springen usw.

    7) (to reach) nach

    set out for England/the north/an island — nach England/Norden/zu einer Insel aufbrechen

    8) (to be received by) für

    that's Jim for you — das sieht Jim mal wieder ähnlich

    be dressed/ready for dinner — zum Dinner angezogen/fertig sein

    have something for breakfast/pudding — etwas zum Frühstück/Nachtisch haben

    enough... for — genug... für

    too... for — zu... für

    there is nothing for it but to do something — es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, als etwas zu tun

    10) (to the amount of)

    cheque/ bill for £5 — Scheck/Rechnung über od. in Höhe von 5 Pfund

    things don't look very promising for the business — was die Geschäfte angeht, sieht das alles nicht sehr vielversprechend aus

    it is wise/advisable for somebody to do something — es ist vernünftig/ratsam, dass jemand etwas tut

    it's hopeless for me to try and explain the system — es ist sinnlos, dir das System erklären zu wollen

    12) (as being) für

    I/you etc. for one — ich/ du usw. für mein[en]/dein[en] usw. Teil

    famous/well-known for something — berühmt/ bekannt wegen od. für etwas

    jump/ shout for joy — vor Freude in die Luft springen/schreien

    were it not for you/ your help, I should not be able to do it — ohne dich/deine Hilfe wäre ich nicht dazu in der Lage

    for all... — trotz...

    for all that,... — trotzdem...

    16) (on account of the hindrance of) vor (+ Dat.)

    for fear of... — aus Angst vor (+ Dat.)

    but for..., except for... — wenn nicht... gewesen wäre, [dann]...

    17) (so far as concerns)

    for all I know/care... — möglicherweise/was mich betrifft,...

    for one thing,... — zunächst einmal...

    18) (considering the usual nature of) für
    19) (during) seit

    we've/we haven't been here for three years — wir sind seit drei Jahren hier/nicht mehr hier gewesen

    we waited for hours/three hours — wir warteten stundenlang/drei Stunden lang

    sit here for now or for the moment — bleiben Sie im Augenblick hier sitzen

    20) (to the extent of)

    walk for 20 miles/for another 20 miles — 20 Meilen [weit] gehen/weiter gehen

    21)

    be for it — (coll.) dran sein (ugs.); sich auf was gefasst machen können (ugs.)

    2. conjunction
    (since, as proof) denn
    * * *
    [fo:] 1. preposition
    1) (to be given or sent to: This letter is for you.) für
    2) (towards; in the direction of: We set off for London.) nach
    3) (through a certain time or distance: for three hours; for three miles.) für
    4) (in order to have, get, be etc: He asked me for some money; Go for a walk.) nach
    5) (in return; as payment: He paid $2 for his ticket.) für
    6) (in order to be prepared: He's getting ready for the journey.) für
    7) (representing: He is the member of parliament for Hull.) für
    8) (on behalf of: Will you do it for me?)
    9) (in favour of: Are you for or against the plan?) dafür
    10) (because of: for this reason.) wegen, aus
    11) (having a particular purpose: She gave me money for the bus fare.) für
    12) (indicating an ability or an attitude to: a talent for baking; an ear for music.) für
    13) (as being: They mistook him for someone else.) für
    14) (considering what is used in the case of: It is quite warm for January (= considering that it is January when it is usually cold).) für
    15) (in spite of: For all his money, he didn't seem happy.) trotz
    2. conjunction
    (because: It must be late, for I have been here a long time.) denn
    * * *
    [fɔ:ʳ, fəʳ, AM fɔ:r, fɚ]
    I. conj ( liter or dated) denn
    II. prep
    1. (intended to be given to) für + akk
    I bought a new collar \for my dog ich habe ein neues Halsband für meinen Hund gekauft
    this is a birthday present \for you hier ist ein Geburtstagsgeschenk für dich
    there are government subsidies available \for farmers für Bauern gibt es Zuschüsse vom Staat
    to vote \for sb/sth für jdn/etw stimmen
    they voted \for independence in a referendum sie haben sich in einem Referendum für die Unabhängigkeit ausgesprochen
    ▪ to be \for sb/sth für jdn/etw sein
    his followers are still \for him seine Anhänger unterstützen ihn noch immer
    to be \for a good cause für einen guten Zweck sein
    to be all \for sth ganz für etw akk sein
    to be \for doing sth dafür sein, dass etw getan wird
    are you \for banning smoking in public places? sind Sie dafür, das Rauchen in der Öffentlichkeit zu verbieten?
    3. (regarding sb) für + akk
    I'm happy \for you that it finally worked out ich freue mich für dich, dass es endlich geklappt hat
    you're not making it easy \for me to tell you the truth du machst es mir nicht gerade einfach, dir die Wahrheit zu sagen
    the coffee was too strong \for me der Kaffee war mir zu stark
    luckily \for me, I already had another job zu meinem Glück hatte ich bereits eine andere Stelle
    the admiration she felt \for him soon died ihre Bewunderung für ihn war schnell verflogen
    is this seat high enough \for you? ist Ihnen dieser Sitz hoch genug?
    I feel sorry \for her sie tut mir leid
    to feel nothing but contempt \for sb/sth nichts als Verachtung für jdn/etw empfinden
    ▪ to be concerned \for sb/sth um jdn/etw besorgt sein
    to feel \for sb mit jdm fühlen
    as \for me was mich betrifft [o angeht]
    Jackie's already left and, as \for me, I'm going at the end of the month Jackie ist schon weg, und was mich angeht, ich gehe Ende des Monats
    4. (regarding sth) für + akk
    how are you doing \for money? wie sieht es bei dir mit dem Geld aus?
    \for my part was mich betrifft
    \for all I know möglicherweise
    \for all I know, he could have left the country möglicherweise hat er schon das Land verlassen
    to be responsible \for sth für etw akk verantwortlich sein
    to prepare \for sth sich akk auf etw akk vorbereiten
    5. (comparing) für + akk
    the summer has been quite hot \for England für England war das ein ziemlich heißer Sommer
    ▪ to be too big/fast \for sb/sth zu groß/schnell für jdn/etw sein
    she's very mature \for her age sie ist für ihr Alter schon sehr reif
    the weather is warm \for the time of year für diese Jahreszeit ist das Wetter mild
    he's quite thoughtful \for a child of 8 für einen Achtjährigen ist er ziemlich rücksichtsvoll
    6. (to get, have)
    oh \for something to drink! hätte ich doch bloß etwas zu trinken!
    oh \for a strong black coffee! und jetzt einen starken schwarzen Kaffee!
    he did it \for the fame er tat es, um berühmt zu werden
    even though he's in this \for the money, we still need him auch wenn er es nur wegen des Geldes tut, wir brauchen ihn
    she's eager \for a chance to show that she's a capable worker sie möchte gerne beweisen, dass sie eine fähige Mitarbeiterin ist
    demand \for money Bedarf m an Geld
    to send \for the doctor den Arzt holen
    to apply \for a job sich akk um eine Stelle bewerben
    to have a need \for sth etw brauchen
    to look \for a way to do sth nach einer Möglichkeit suchen, etw zu tun
    to ask \for sth um etw akk bitten
    7. (on behalf of, representing) für + akk
    he's an agent \for models and actors er ist Agent für Models und Schauspieler
    next time you see them, say hi \for me grüß sie von mir, wenn du sie wieder siehst
    the messenger was there \for his boss der Bote war in Vertretung seines Chefs dort
    to do sth \for sb etw für jdn tun
    to do sth \for oneself etw selbst tun
    8. (as ordered by) für + akk
    ▪ to do sth \for sb/sth etw für jdn/etw tun
    they had to do extra work \for their boss sie mussten noch zusätzliche Arbeiten für ihren Chef erledigen
    I have some things to do \for school ich muss noch etwas für die Schule machen
    9. (employed by) bei + dat
    she is a tutor \for the Open University sie ist Tutorin an der Fernuniversität
    to work \for sb/sth bei jdm/etw [o für jdn/etw] arbeiten
    10. (purpose, aim) für + akk
    what's that \for? wofür ist das?
    that's useful \for removing rust damit kann man gut Rost entfernen
    that's not \for eating das ist nicht zum Essen
    a course \for beginners in Russian ein Russischkurs für Anfänger
    \for your information zu Ihrer Information
    \for the record der Ordnung halber
    the spokesman told the press \for the record that the president was in good health der Sprecher sagte der Presse für das Protokoll, der Präsident sei bei guter Gesundheit
    for rent/sale zu vermieten/verkaufen
    bikes \for rent Räder zu vermieten
    to be not \for sale unverkäuflich sein
    to wait \for sb/sth auf jdn/etw warten
    to wait \for sb to do sth darauf warten, dass jd etw tut
    ▪ to do sth \for sth/sb etw für etw/jdn tun
    what did you do that \for? wozu hast du das getan?
    what do you use these enormous scissors \for? wozu brauchst du diese riesige Schere?
    he is taking medication \for his heart condition er nimmt Medikamente für sein Herz
    you need to move closer \for me to hear you du musst ein bisschen näher herkommen, damit ich dich hören kann
    11. (because of) wegen + gen; (out of) aus + dat; (with) vor + dat
    I don't eat meat \for various reasons ich esse aus verschiedenen Gründen kein Fleisch
    I could dance and sing \for joy! ich könnte vor Freude tanzen und singen!
    he apologized \for being late er entschuldigte sich wegen seiner Verspätung
    Bob was looking all the better \for his three weeks in Spain nach seinen drei Wochen Spanien sah Bob viel besser aus
    how are you? — fine, and all the better \for seeing you! wie geht's? — gut, und jetzt wo ich dich sehe, gleich noch viel besser!
    I could not see \for the tears in my eyes ich konnte vor Tränen in den Augen gar nicht sehen
    if it hadn't been \for him, we wouldn't be here right now ( form) ohne ihn wären wir jetzt nicht hier
    \for fear of sth aus Angst vor etw dat
    \for lack of sth aus Mangel an etw dat
    to be arrested \for murder wegen Mordes verhaftet werden
    \for that [or this] reason aus diesem Grund
    to be famous \for sth für etw akk berühmt sein
    to love sb \for sth jdn für etw akk lieben
    she loves him just \for being himself sie liebt ihn einfach dafür, dass er so ist, wie er ist
    12. (as destination) nach + dat
    this train is \for Birmingham dieser Zug fährt nach Birmingham
    he made \for home in a hurry er eilte schnell nach Hause
    just follow signs \for the town centre folgen Sie einfach den Schildern in die Innenstadt
    to go \for sb [with one's fists] [mit den Fäusten] auf jdn losgehen
    to run \for sb/sth zu jdm/etw laufen
    I had to run \for the bus ich musste laufen, um den Bus noch zu kriegen
    13. (meaning)
    to be \for sth für etw akk stehen
    A is \for ‘airlines’ A steht für ‚Airlines‘
    to stand \for sth etw bedeuten, für etw akk stehen
    what does the M.J. stand \for? María José? was bedeutet M.J.? María José?
    what's the Spanish word \for ‘vegetarian’? was heißt ‚Vegetarier‘ auf Spanisch?
    14. (in return, exchange) für + akk
    she paid a high price \for loyalty to her boss sie hat einen hohen Preis für die Loyalität zu ihrem Chef gezahlt
    that's \for cheating on me! das ist dafür, dass du mich betrogen hast!
    how much did you pay \for your glasses? wie viel hast du für deine Brille gezahlt?
    a cheque \for £100 eine Scheck über 100 Pfund
    not \for a million dollars [or \for all the world] um nichts in der Welt
    I wouldn't go out with him \for a million dollars ich würde für kein Geld der Welt mit ihm ausgehen
    to do sth \for nothing etw umsonst machen
    to buy/sell sth \for 100 euro/a lot of money etw für 100 Euro/viel Geld kaufen/verkaufen
    you can buy a bestseller \for about £6 Sie bekommen einen Bestseller schon für 6 Pfund
    to trade sth \for sth etw gegen etw akk [ein]tauschen
    15. (with a period of time) für + akk; (ongoing) seit + dat
    I'm just going to sleep \for half an hour ich lege mich mal eine halbe Stunde schlafen
    he was jailed \for twelve years er musste für zwölf Jahre ins Gefängnis
    my father has been smoking \for 10 years mein Vater raucht seit 10 Jahren
    \for the next two days in den beiden nächsten Tagen
    \for a bit/while ein bisschen/eine Weile
    play here \for a while! spiel doch mal ein bisschen hier!
    I'm just going out \for a while ich gehe mal kurz raus fam
    \for eternity/ever bis in alle Ewigkeit
    this pact is \for ever dieser Pakt gilt für immer und ewig
    \for the moment im Augenblick
    \for a time eine Zeit lang
    \for a long time seit Langem
    I hadn't seen him \for such a long time that I didn't recognize him ich hatte ihn schon so lange nicht mehr gesehen, dass ich ihn nicht erkannte
    \for some time seit Längerem
    \for the time being für den Augenblick, vorübergehend
    16. (a distance of)
    \for a kilometre/mile einen Kilometer/eine Meile
    he always jogs \for 5 kilometres before breakfast er joggt immer 5 Kilometer vor dem Frühstück
    17. (at a certain date, time, occasion) für + akk
    he booked a table at the restaurant \for nine o'clock er reservierte in dem Restaurant einen Tisch für neun Uhr
    they set their wedding date \for September 15 sie setzten ihre Hochzeit für den 15. September fest
    I need some money \for tonight ich brauche etwas Geld für heute Abend
    what did you buy him \for Christmas? was hast du ihm zu Weihnachten gekauft?
    he arrived at 8.00 \for dinner at 8.30 er kam um acht zu dem für halb neun verabredeten Abendessen
    to invite sb \for dinner/lunch jdn zum Abendessen/Mittagessen einladen
    \for the first time zum ersten Mal
    \for the [very] last time zum [aller]letzten Mal
    \for the first/second time running im ersten/zweiten Durchlauf
    18. (despite) trotz + gen
    , ungeachtet +gen geh
    \for all that trotz alledem
    \for all his effort, the experiment was a failure das Experiment war trotz all seiner Anstrengungen ein Fehlschlag
    19. (per) für + akk
    there is one teacher \for every 25 students in our school in unserer Schule kommt auf 25 Schüler ein Lehrer
    \for every cigarette you smoke, you take off one day of your life mit jeder Zigarette, die du rauchst, verkürzt sich dein Leben um einen Tag
    to repeat sth word \for word etw Wort für Wort wiederholen
    20. (the duty of)
    ▪ to [not] be \for sb to do sth [nicht] jds Sache sein, etw zu tun
    it's not \for me to tell her what to do es ist nicht meine Aufgabe, ihr vorzuschreiben, was sie zu tun hat
    the decision is not \for him to make die Entscheidung liegt nicht bei ihm
    21. (as) für + akk
    she thought it \for a lie but didn't say anything sie hielt es für gelogen, sagte aber nichts
    I \for one am sick of this bickering ich für meinen Teil habe genug von diesem Gezänk
    22.
    ▶ \for Africa SA ( fam) Unmengen + gen
    I've got homework \for Africa ich habe noch jede Menge Hausaufgaben fam
    ▶ to be [in] \for it ( fam) Schwierigkeiten bekommen
    you're in \for it! jetzt bist du dran! fam
    ▶ \for crying out loud um Himmels willen
    ▶ an eye \for an eye Auge um Auge
    ▶ that's Jane/Mark/etc. \for you so ist Jane/Mark/etc. eben!, das sieht Jane/Mark/etc. mal wieder ähnlich!, das ist wieder mal typisch für Jane/Mark/etc.!
    that's children \for you! so sind Kinder eben!
    ▶ that's/there's sth \for you ( pej)
    there's gratitude \for you! und so was nennt sich Dankbarkeit! fam
    there's manners \for you! das sind [mir] ja schöne Manieren! iron fam
    * * *
    I [fɔː(r)]
    1. prep
    1) (intention) für; (purpose) zu, für; (destination) nach

    clothes for children — Kleidung f für Kinder, Kinderkleidung f

    what for? — wofür?, wozu?

    what did you do that for? —

    a room for working in/sewing — ein Zimmer zum Arbeiten/Nähen

    a bag for carrying books (in) — eine Tasche, um Bücher zu tragen

    fit for nothing —

    ready for anything —

    this will do for a hammer — das kann man als Hammer nehmen

    to leave for the USA — in die USA or nach Amerika abreisen

    he swam for the shore — er schwamm auf die Küste zu, er schwamm in Richtung Küste

    2)

    (indicating suitability) it's not for you to ask questions — Sie haben kein Recht, Fragen zu stellen

    it's not for me to say — es steht mir nicht zu, mich dazu zu äußern

    3)

    (= representing, instead of) I'll speak to her for you if you like —

    I need someone to make up my mind for me — ich brauche jemanden, der die Entscheidung für mich trifft

    she works for a bank (in the bank) — sie arbeitet bei or in einer Bank; (outside the bank) sie arbeitet für eine Bank

    4) (= in defence, in favour of) für

    I'm all for it — ich bin ganz or sehr dafür

    I'm all for helping him —

    5)

    (= with regard to) anxious for sb — um jdn besorgt

    as for him/that — was ihn/das betrifft

    warm/cold for the time of year — warm/kalt für die Jahreszeit

    6) (= because of) aus

    he did it for fear of being left — er tat es aus Angst, zurückgelassen zu werden

    he is famous for his jokes/his big nose — er ist für seine Witze bekannt/wegen seiner großen Nase berühmt

    do it for me — tu es für mich

    7) (= in spite of) trotz (+gen or (inf) +dat)

    for all that, you should have warned me — Sie hätten mich trotz allem warnen sollen

    8) (= in exchange) für

    to pay four euros for a ticket — vier Euro für eine Fahrkarte zahlen

    he'll do it for ten pounds —

    9)

    (= in contrast) for every job that is created, two are lost — für jede Stelle, die neu geschaffen wird, gehen zwei verloren

    10) (in time) seit; (with future tense) für

    I had/have known her for years — ich kannte/kenne sie schon seit Jahren

    he won't be back for a week — er wird erst in einer Woche zurück sein

    can you get it done for Monday/this time next week? — können Sie es bis or für Montag/bis in einer Woche fertig haben?

    for a while/time — (für) eine Weile/einige Zeit

    11)

    (distance) the road is lined with trees for two miles — die Straße ist auf or über zwei Meilen mit Bäumen gesäumt

    12)

    (with verbs) to pray for peace — für den or um Frieden beten

    See:
    → vbs
    13) (after n: indicating liking, aptitude etc) für

    his knack for saying the wrong thing — sein Talent, das Falsche zu sagen

    14)

    (with infin clauses) for this to be possible — damit dies möglich wird

    it's easy for him to do it — für ihn ist es leicht, das zu tun, er kann das leicht tun

    I brought it for you to see — ich habe es mitgebracht, damit Sie es sich (dat) ansehen können

    the best thing would be for you to leave — das Beste wäre, wenn Sie weggingen

    their one hope is for him to return — ihre einzige Hoffnung ist, dass er zurückkommt

    15)

    (phrases) to do sth for oneself — etw alleine tun

    2. conj
    denn
    3. adj pred
    (= in favour) dafür

    17 were for, 13 against — 17 waren dafür, 13 dagegen

    II abbr frei Bahn
    * * *
    for [fɔː(r); unbetont fə(r)]
    A präp
    1. allg für:
    it was very awkward for her es war sehr peinlich für sie, es war ihr sehr unangenehm;
    he spoilt their holidays (bes US vacation) for them er verdarb ihnen den ganzen Urlaub;
    she brought a letter for me to sign sie brachte mir einen Brief zur Unterschrift
    2. für, zugunsten von:
    a gift for him ein Geschenk für ihn;
    this letter is for me dieser Brief ist an mich;
    for and against für und wider; → academic.ru/69264/speak_for">speak for 1
    3. für, (mit der Absicht) zu, um (… willen):
    apply for the post sich um die Stellung bewerben;
    die for a cause für eine Sache sterben;
    come for dinner zum Essen kommen
    4. (Wunsch, Ziel) nach, auf (akk):
    a claim for sth ein Anspruch auf eine Sache;
    the desire for sth der Wunsch oder das Verlangen nach etwas;
    call for sb nach jemandem rufen;
    wait for sth auf etwas warten;
    oh, for a car! ach, hätte ich doch nur ein Auto!
    b) (bestimmt) für oder zu:
    tools for cutting Werkzeuge zum Schneiden, Schneidewerkzeuge;
    the right man for the job der richtige Mann für diesen Posten
    6. (Mittel) gegen:
    treat sb for cancer jemanden gegen oder auf Krebs behandeln;
    there is nothing for it but to give in es bleibt nichts (anderes) übrig, als nachzugeben
    8. (als Entgelt) für, gegen, um:
    I sold it for £10 ich verkaufte es für 10 Pfund
    9. (im Tausch) für, gegen:
    10. (Betrag, Menge) über (akk):
    a postal order for £2
    11. (Grund) aus, vor (dat), wegen:
    for this reason aus diesem Grund;
    die for grief aus oder vor Gram sterben;
    weep for joy aus oder vor Freude weinen;
    I can’t see for the fog ich kann nichts sehen wegen des Nebels oder vor lauter Nebel;
    she couldn’t speak for laughing sie konnte vor (lauter) Lachen nicht sprechen
    12. (als Strafe etc) für, wegen:
    13. dank, wegen:
    were it not for his energy wenn er nicht so energisch wäre, dank seiner Energie;
    if it wasn’t for him wenn er nicht wäre, ohne ihn; he would never have done it, if it hadn’t been for me talking him into it wenn ich ihn nicht dazu überredet hätte
    14. für, in Anbetracht (gen), im Hinblick auf (akk), im Verhältnis zu:
    he is tall for his age er ist groß für sein Alter;
    it is rather cold for July es ist ziemlich kalt für Juli;
    for a foreigner he speaks English fairly well für einen Ausländer spricht er recht gut Englisch
    15. (Begabung, Neigung) für, (Hang) zu:
    an eye for beauty Sinn für das Schöne
    16. (zeitlich) für, während, auf (akk), für die Dauer von, seit:
    for a week eine Woche (lang);
    come for a week komme auf oder für eine Woche;
    for hours stundenlang;
    for a ( oder some) time past seit längerer Zeit;
    for a long time past schon seit Langem;
    not for a long time noch lange nicht;
    the first picture for two months der erste Film in oder seit zwei Monaten;
    for months ahead auf Monate (hinaus)
    17. (Strecke) weit, lang:
    run for a mile eine Meile (weit) laufen
    18. nach, auf (akk), in Richtung auf (akk):
    the train for London der Zug nach London;
    the passengers for Rome die nach Rom reisenden Passagiere;
    start for Paris nach Paris abreisen;
    now for it! Br umg jetzt (nichts wie) los oder drauf!, jetzt gilt’s!
    19. für, anstelle von (oder gen), (an)statt:
    20. für, in Vertretung oder im Auftrag oder im Namen von (oder gen):
    act for sb in jemandes Auftrag handeln
    21. für, als:
    books for presents Bücher als Geschenk;
    they were sold for slaves sie wurden als Sklaven verkauft;
    take that for an answer nimm das als Antwort
    22. trotz (gen oder dat), ungeachtet (gen):
    for all that trotz alledem;
    for all his wealth trotz seines ganzen Reichtums, bei allem Reichtum;
    for all you may say sage, was du willst
    23. as for was … betrifft:
    as for me was mich betrifft oder an(be)langt;
    as for that matter was das betrifft;
    for all I know soviel ich weiß;
    for all of me meinetwegen, von mir aus
    24. nach adj und vor inf:
    it is too heavy for me to lift es ist so schwer, dass ich es nicht heben kann;
    it is impossible for me to come es ist mir unmöglich zu kommen, ich kann unmöglich kommen;
    it seemed useless for me to continue es erschien mir sinnlos, noch weiterzumachen
    25. mit s oder pron und inf:
    it is time for you to go home es ist Zeit, dass du heimgehst; es ist Zeit für dich heimzugehen;
    it is for you to decide die Entscheidung liegt bei Ihnen;
    a) es ist nicht deine Sache zu inf,
    b) es steht dir nicht zu inf;
    he called for the girl to bring him some tea er rief nach dem Mädchen und bat es, ihm Tee zu bringen;
    don’t wait for him to turn up yet wartet nicht darauf, dass er noch auftaucht;
    there is no need for anyone to know es braucht niemand zu wissen
    that’s a wine for you das ist vielleicht ein Weinchen, das nenne ich einen Wein
    27. US nach:
    B konj denn, weil, nämlich
    * * *
    1. preposition
    1) (representing, on behalf of, in exchange against) für; (in place of) für; anstelle von

    what is the German for "buzz"? — wie heißt "buzz" auf Deutsch?

    2) (in defence, support, or favour of) für

    be for doing something — dafür sein, etwas zu tun

    it's each [man] or every man for himself — jeder ist auf sich selbst gestellt

    4) (with a view to) für; (conducive[ly] to) zu

    they invited me for Christmas/Monday/supper — sie haben mich zu Weihnachten/für Montag/zum Abendessen eingeladen

    what is it for? — wofür/wozu ist das?

    6) (to obtain, win, save)

    take somebody for a ride in the car/a walk — jemanden im Auto spazieren fahren/mit jemandem einen Spaziergang machen

    run/jump etc. for it — loslaufen/-springen usw.

    7) (to reach) nach

    set out for England/the north/an island — nach England/Norden/zu einer Insel aufbrechen

    be dressed/ready for dinner — zum Dinner angezogen/fertig sein

    have something for breakfast/pudding — etwas zum Frühstück/Nachtisch haben

    enough... for — genug... für

    too... for — zu... für

    there is nothing for it but to do something — es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, als etwas zu tun

    cheque/ bill for £5 — Scheck/Rechnung über od. in Höhe von 5 Pfund

    11) (to affect, as if affecting) für

    things don't look very promising for the business — was die Geschäfte angeht, sieht das alles nicht sehr vielversprechend aus

    it is wise/advisable for somebody to do something — es ist vernünftig/ratsam, dass jemand etwas tut

    it's hopeless for me to try and explain the system — es ist sinnlos, dir das System erklären zu wollen

    12) (as being) für

    I/you etc. for one — ich/ du usw. für mein[en]/dein[en] usw. Teil

    13) (on account of, as penalty of) wegen

    famous/well-known for something — berühmt/ bekannt wegen od. für etwas

    jump/ shout for joy — vor Freude in die Luft springen/schreien

    were it not for you/ your help, I should not be able to do it — ohne dich/deine Hilfe wäre ich nicht dazu in der Lage

    for all... — trotz...

    for all that,... — trotzdem...

    for fear of... — aus Angst vor (+ Dat.)

    but for..., except for... — wenn nicht... gewesen wäre, [dann]...

    for all I know/care... — möglicherweise/was mich betrifft,...

    for one thing,... — zunächst einmal...

    19) (during) seit

    we've/we haven't been here for three years — wir sind seit drei Jahren hier/nicht mehr hier gewesen

    we waited for hours/three hours — wir warteten stundenlang/drei Stunden lang

    sit here for now or for the moment — bleiben Sie im Augenblick hier sitzen

    walk for 20 miles/for another 20 miles — 20 Meilen [weit] gehen/weiter gehen

    21)

    be for it — (coll.) dran sein (ugs.); sich auf was gefasst machen können (ugs.)

    2. conjunction
    (since, as proof) denn
    * * *
    conj.
    als konj.
    denn konj.
    für konj.
    nach konj.
    zu konj.

    English-german dictionary > for

  • 5 get

    1. [get] n
    1. приплод, потомство ( у животных)
    2. диал.
    1) заработок, получка
    2) прибыль
    2. [get] v (got; амер., уст. p. p. тж. gotten2)
    I
    1. 1) доставать; добывать

    to get tickets [money] - достать /добыть/ билеты [деньги]

    where can I get something to eat? - а) где мне раздобыть чего-нибудь поесть?; б) где здесь можно поесть (пообедать и т. п.)?

    the thing is not to be got - это /эту вещь/ достать невозможно

    2) доставать и приносить

    can I get you a drink? - не хотите ли вы выпить? Я принесу

    don't answer the phone, I'll get it - не подходи к телефону, я возьму трубку

    3) добиваться, получать

    to get fame [credit, glory] - добиваться известности [похвалы, славы]

    to get the name (of) - завоевать /заслужить/ репутацию

    to get one's liberty - добиться свободы, завоевать свободу [см. тж. 4)]

    to get something for nothing - получить что-нибудь просто так /не дав ничего взамен/

    to get one's wish - получить то, что желаешь

    to get an /the/ advantage /the start/ of /over/ smb. - получить преимущество /добиться преимущества/ над кем-л.

    you'll get little by it - вы мало чего этим добьётесь, вы немного от этого выиграете

    you'll get nothing by it - вам это ничего не даст [см. тж. 4)]

    to get permission from smb. to do smth., to get leave of /from/ smb. to do smth. - получить разрешение /позволение/ у кого-л. сделать что-л.

    to get admission to - получать доступ /допуск/ в /к/

    to get the prize - получить приз /премию/

    to get a place - спорт. занять одно из первых мест в соревновании

    to get total points - спорт. набрать общую сумму очков

    4) зарабатывать, получать

    to get (good) wages - получать (хорошую) зарплату, (хорошо) зарабатывать

    to get a /one's/ living - зарабатывать на жизнь

    to get £6,000 a year [quite a lot] - получать /зарабатывать/ 6000 фунтов в год [довольно много]

    to get one's liberty - получить свободу, выйти на свободу [см. тж. 3)]

    if I am not working I get no pay - если я не работаю, мне не платят

    to get nothing by /out of/ it - ничего не заработать на этом [ср. тж. 3)]

    I will see what I can get for it - посмотрим, что я смогу за это получить, посмотрим, что мне за это дадут

    you won't get much for that old piano - за это старое пианино ты много не получишь /не выручишь/

    5) получать

    to get a letter [a postcard] - получить письмо [открытку]

    to get good [bad] news - получить хорошее [дурное] известие

    to get word - получить сообщение /известие/

    to get smth. from abroad - получать что-л. из-за границы [ср. тж. 6)]

    I got his answer this morning - я сегодня утром получил от него ответ [ср. тж. 3)]

    this room gets no sun - в эту комнату не попадает /не проникает/ солнце

    he gets it from his mother - это (эта черта характера и т. п.) у него от матери, это он унаследовал от матери

    6) покупать, приобретать

    to get a book - приобрести /купить/ книгу

    to get a new coat [hat, suit] (at /from/ Harrod's) - купить новое пальто [-ую шляпу, -ый костюм] (в магазине Хэррода)

    to get commodities from abroad - покупать /приобретать/ товары за границей

    to get smth. very cheap - купить что-л. очень дёшево

    get milk as well! - и молоко купи!

    I get my meat from the local butcher - я покупаю мясо в соседнем мясном магазине

    2. 1) поймать, схватить

    to get the thief - поймать /схватить/ вора

    to get smb. by the throat - а) схватить кого-л. за горло (и начать душить); б) взять кого-л. за горло

    to get the tip - спорт. перехватить начальный бросок мяча

    got you! - ага, попался!

    that's got him! - вот он и попался [см. тж. 4]

    you've just said the opposite of what you said before, I've got you there! - ты сейчас говоришь совсем не то, что говорил раньше - вот ты и попался!

    2) разг. отомстить

    I'll get you even if it takes the rest of my life - я до тебя доберусь, даже если на это придётся потратить остаток моей жизни

    3) захватывать, увлекать, волновать

    it doesn't get me - это меня не волнует /не трогает/

    4) раздражать

    his rude remarks get me - меня раздражают его грубые высказывания /грубости/

    3. 1) понимать, постигать

    to get it /smth./ right - понять /что-л./ правильно

    to get smb. wrong - не так /неправильно/ понять кого-л.

    to get the hint /the cue/ - понять намёк

    I didn't get the last sentence - я не разобрал /не расслышал/ последнее предложение

    let me get this clear: is she married or not? - объясните мне /я хочу точно знать/, она замужем или нет?

    I don't get you - я вас [этого] не понимаю

    I don't get your meaning /you/ - я не понимаю, что вы хотите сказать

    I try to make him understand, but he never gets the message - я пытаюсь заставить его понять, но до него ничего не доходит

    did you get it?, got me? - вы поняли?

    she's got it - а) она это поняла; б) у неё это получилось; [см. тж. II А 6]

    2) улавливать, замечать, наблюдать

    I didn't get your name - я не уловил /не расслышал/ вашу фамилию

    did you get the look on his face? - вы заметили выражение его лица?

    4. доводить до сознания; пронять

    that's got him! - это до него дошло!, это его задело [см. тж. 2, 1)]

    that sort of behaviour really gets me - такое поведение по-настоящему выводит меня из себя

    what's got him? - что с ним?, что его задело?, какая его муха укусила?

    5. озадачить, поставить в тупик
    6. попасть, угодить

    the blow got him in the nose [the head, the knee] - удар пришёлся ему по носу [по голове, колену]

    7. получить, «схлопотать»

    to get one in the eye - прост. получить в глаз, заработать синяк /фонарь/ под глазом

    II А
    1. заразиться; схватить (насморк, грипп и т. п.)

    to get (a) cold - простудиться, схватить насморк

    2. создаваться ( о впечатлении)

    I got the impression that he was busy - мне показалось /у меня сложилось впечатление/, что он занят

    from the style one gets the impression that the writing was dashed off hurriedly - по его манере /по тому, как он пишет/ создаётся впечатление, что всё это было написано наспех

    3. получать ( по заслугам); подвергаться ( наказанию)

    he got three years - его приговорили к трём годам, он «заработал» три года

    that's what you get by talking too much - вот что получается, когда слишком много болтают

    4. вычислять; получать ( в результате расчёта); устанавливать ( сумму); находить ( ответ)

    we get 7.5 as the average - в среднем у нас получилось 7,5

    when you add two and two you get four - если сложить два и два получится четыре, два плюс два - четыре

    dividing nine by three we get three - девять, делённое на три, - три

    5. 1) связываться, устанавливать контакт, связь (по радио, телефону; тж. get through, get to)

    did you get Paris? - ты связался с Парижем?

    the line was busy and we couldn't get him - телефон был занят, и мы не могли связаться с ним

    2) поймать (по радио)

    can you get Moscow on your radio? - ты ловишь /можешь поймать/ Москву по своему приёмнику?

    6. выучивать (роль, стихотворение и т. п.)

    to get smth. (off) by heart /by rote/ - выучить что-л. наизусть, запомнить что-л.

    she's got it - она выучила это [см. тж. I 3, 1)]

    7. готовить ( еду)
    8. съедать (завтрак, обед и т. п.)

    I'll get something to eat before I go out - я что-нибудь поем перед уходом

    9. только в наст. вр. иметься, встречаться

    you get many flowers in this region - в этом районе (имеется) много цветов

    you get different answers to such riddles - у таких загадок много разных ответов

    10. родить, производить на свет ( о животных)
    II Б
    1. to get to á place попадать, прибывать куда-л.; добираться до какого-л. места; достигать какого-л. пункта

    to get home - попасть домой, добраться до дому [см. тж. ♢ ]

    to get to Moscow [to London, to Paris] - прибыть в Москву [в Лондон, в Париж]

    when do we get to New York? - когда мы будем в Нью-Йорке?

    I'll get home, then - ну, я отправляюсь /пошёл/ домой

    what time did you get here? - в какое время /когда/ вы сюда прибыли /приехали, пришли/?

    how do I get there? - как мне туда попасть?

    how did this box get here? - как сюда попала эта коробка?, каким образом эта коробка очутилась здесь?

    where's my pen got to? - куда делась моя ручка?

    where can he have got to? - куда он делся /запропастился/?

    where did you get to? - до какого места (в книге и т. п.) ты дошёл?

    2. to get smb., smth. to á place провожать кого-л. куда-л.; доставлять кого-л., что-л. куда-л.; перевозить, переносить кого-л., что-л. куда-л.

    to get smb. home - проводить /доставить/ кого-л. домой

    to get smb. to Moscow [to London, to Paris] - привезти кого-л. в Москву [в Лондон, в Париж]

    to get smb., smth. upstairs - перенести /перетащить/ кого-л., что-л. наверх

    to get smb. to bed - уложить кого-л. в постель

    how will you get it here? - как вы это сюда доставите?

    3. 1) to get into á place входить куда-л.; влезать куда-л.; попадать, проникать куда-л.

    to get into a room [into a building] - войти /попасть/ в комнату [здание]

    to get into a car - влезать /садиться/ в машину

    to get into society - попасть в высший свет, проникнуть в светское общество

    2) to get out of á place выходить откуда-л.; вылезать, выбираться откуда-л.

    to get out of a room [a building] - выбраться из комнаты [здания]

    to get out of the train - выйти из поезда, сойти с поезда

    the train has already got out of the station - поезд уже отошёл от станции

    to get out of the wood - а) выбраться из лесу; б) выпутаться из затруднительного положения

    to get out of prison - совершить побег, бежать из тюрьмы

    3) to get out of á state, á condition выйти из какого-л. состояния, положения

    to get out of the rain - а) укрыться от дождя; б) избежать неприятности

    to get out of sight /hearing/ - скрываться

    get out of my sight! - убирайся!, с глаз долой!

    get out of my way! - прочь с дороги!

    4. 1) to get smb., smth. into á place вводить кого-л. куда-л.; проводить кого-л. куда-л.; протаскивать что-л. куда-л.; вводить, вкладывать, всовывать, втискивать что-л. куда-л.

    to get smb. into a room - привести /провести/ кого-л. в комнату; затащить кого-л. в комнату

    to get the key into the lock - вставить /всунуть/ ключ в замок

    at last she got all her dresses into the suitcase - наконец она втиснула все свои платья в чемодан

    2) to get smb., smth. out of place выводить кого-л. откуда-л.; вынимать, доставать что-л. из чего-л.

    to get smb. out of a room [a building] - вывести кого-л. из комнаты [здания]

    to get the key out of the lock - вынуть /вытащить/ ключ из замка

    to get a book out of one's bag - вытащить /достать/ книгу из портфеля

    to get smb. out of prison - «вытащить» кого-л. из тюрьмы; помочь кому-л. бежать из тюрьмы

    to get smth., smb. out of the way - избавиться от чего-л., кого-л.; разделаться с чем-л., с кем-л.

    5. to get smth. out of /from/ smb. выведывать, выспрашивать, выуживать что-л. у кого-л.

    I could get nothing out of him - я у него ничего не смог выведать /добиться/

    to get an answer from smb. - добиться ответа от кого-л.

    we'll never get anything out of him - мы ничего от него не добьёмся /из него не вытянем/, он никогда ничего не скажет

    they could get no money out of him - они не смогли выпросить у него денег; денег он им так и не дал

    6. to get out of smth. /doing smth./ избавляться от чего-л. /от какого-л. дела/

    to get out of a job /doing a job/ - избавиться /уклониться/ от этой работы

    to get out of going somewhere - избежать необходимости идти /ехать/ куда-л.; уклониться от поездки куда-л.

    you should get out of that bad habit - ты должен избавиться от этой дурной привычки

    you'll have to talk to him, there's no getting out of it - ничего не поделаешь, придётся тебе с ним поговорить

    7. to get to do /doing/ smth. разг. начинать делать что-л.

    to get to know - узнавать; знакомиться

    how did you get to know him? - как ты с ним познакомился?

    how did you get to know that I was here? - как ты узнал, что я здесь?

    if I get to see him I'll ask him about it - если я его увижу, я спрошу (его) об этом

    you're getting to be a bad influence on my children - вы начинаете оказывать на моих детей дурное влияние

    to get to like smth., smb. - полюбить что-л., кого-л.

    it got to be quite pleasant there after a while - через некоторое время там стало довольно мило

    he got working - он взялся за работу /приступил к работе/

    things haven't really got going yet - дела ещё не развернулись по-настоящему

    now, get going /moving, cracking/! - разг. давай действуй!

    8. 1) to get smb. to do smth. заставлять, убеждать, уговаривать кого-л. делать что-л.

    to get smb. to go [to read] - заставить кого-л. идти [читать]

    to get a man to speak - а) заставить человека заговорить; б) убедить кого-л. выступить

    to get smb. (to speak) on a subject - заставить кого-л. высказаться на определённую тему

    to get them to listen to reason - заставить /убедить/ их прислушаться к голосу рассудка

    I got him fo lend me £5 - я уговорил его дать мне взаймы 5 фунтов

    I cannot get anyone to do the work properly - я не могу добиться, чтобы эту работу сделали как следует

    2) to get smth. to do /doing/ smth.:

    to get a tree to grow in a bad soil - суметь вырастить дерево на плохой почве

    can you get the door to shut? - ты можешь сделать так, чтобы дверь закрылась?

    9. to get smth. done сделать что-л. (о действии, совершаемом кем-л. по желанию или указанию говорящего)

    we are getting our apartment newly papered - нам /у нас/ заново оклеивают квартиру (обоями)

    10. to get into smth. разг.
    1) (серьёзно) изучать (что-л.); овладеть (чем-л.)

    I am trying to get into Beethoven - я пытаюсь серьёзно заняться Бетховеном

    2) привыкнуть (к чему-л.), научиться (чему-л.)

    I'll soon get into the way of things here - я скоро ко всему здесь привыкну

    11. to get into á state, á condition попадать в какое-л. положение, состояние

    to get into time-trouble - шахм. попасть в цейтнот

    to get into a rage /into a wax/ - взбеситься, рассвирепеть, прийти в ярость

    to get into a tantrum - устроить /закатить/ истерику

    to get into touch with smb. - устанавливать контакт /устанавливать непосредственную связь/ с кем-л.

    to get into the habit of... - приобрести /усвоить/ привычку...

    to get into shape - спорт. прийти в (хорошую) форму

    12. to get smth., smb. into á state приводить что-л., кого-л. в какое-л. состояние

    to get smb. into trouble - а) подвести кого-л.; б) быть виновником чьей-л. беременности

    he got the girl into trouble - девушка забеременела /понесла/ от него

    to get smth. ready - подготовить что-л.

    try to get him into good humour - постарайтесь привести его в хорошее расположение духа

    I cannot get the work done properly - я не могу добиться, чтобы работа была сделана как надо

    can you get the work finished in time? - вы можете кончить работу вовремя?

    to get one's hands dirty - испачкать /измазать/ руки

    he got his wrist broken [dislocated] - он сломал [вывихнул] руку в кисти

    13. to get into clothes, etc надевать что-л., напяливать одежду и т. п.

    get into your coat quickly! - быстро надень пальто!

    I couldn't get into the shoes - я не мог влезть в ботинки, ботинки не влезали

    14. to get over smth.
    1) переходить, перелезать через что-л.; переправляться через что-л.
    2) преодолеть (трудность, препятствие)

    he will have to get over their objections - ему придётся поспорить с ними /настоять на своём/

    3) оправиться, выздороветь; прийти в себя
    4) переносить; свыкаться с мыслью

    I cannot get over his abominable behaviour - я не могу привыкнуть к его отвратительному поведению

    I can't get over the fact that... - никак не могу поверить в то, что...

    5) покрыть, пройти ( расстояние)

    the horse got over the distance in 10 minutes - лошадь покрыла это расстояние за 10 минут

    15. to get over smb.
    1) = to get round smb.
    2) забыть кого-л., перестать страдать по ком-л.
    16. to get ac ross smth. = to get over smth. 1)
    17. to get through smth.
    1) проходить; пробираться через, сквозь что-л.
    2) кончить

    he gets through an astounding amount of work - он успевает сделать огромное количество работы

    they get through ten bottles a week - они выпивают по десять бутылок в неделю

    3) выживать, выдерживать

    how shall I ever get through this? - как я всё это вынесу?

    how can I get through this week without you? - как я проживу /вынесу/ эту неделю без тебя?

    18. to get at smb.
    1) добираться до кого-л.

    he was difficult /not easy/ to get at - а) к нему было трудно попасть; б) к нему было трудно подступиться

    2) нападать на кого-л., добираться до кого-л.

    who are you getting at? - на кого ты нападаешь?

    3) подкупить кого-л.
    19. to get at smth.
    1) добираться до чего-л.

    the books are locked up and we can't get at them - книги заперты, и мы не можем их достать

    put the food where the cat can't get at it - спрячь продукты так, чтобы кошка до них не добралась

    the house is difficult to get at - к этому дому трудно подобраться /подступиться/

    2) постигнуть, понять что-л.; выяснить что-л.

    to get at the result - выяснить /узнать/ результат

    I found it hard to get at what drove them - я никак не мог понять, что ими движет /их мотивов/

    3) дать понять

    what are you getting at? - а) что вы хотите сказать?; б) чего вы добиваетесь?

    4) приниматься за что-л.

    I must get at this essay tonight - я должен сегодня же вечером взяться за /начать/ эту статью

    I want to get at the redecorating this weekend - я хочу начать ремонт /приступить к ремонту/ в субботу

    20. to get to smb. связаться с кем-л.

    when we got to him... - когда мы с ним связались...; когда мы ему дозвонились...

    21. to get to smth.
    1) приниматься за что-л., начинать что-л.
    2) доходить до чего-л.

    to get to grips with см. grip1 I 1, 1)

    22. to get round smb. обмануть, перехитрить, обойти кого-л.; уговорить кого-л.

    how did you get round him? - как тебе удалось перехитрить /провести/ его?

    she knows how to get round him - она знает, как обвести его (вокруг пальца)

    23. to get round smth.
    1) обходить (препятствие, закон, вопрос)
    2) преодолевать ( трудности)
    24. to get on smth.
    1) взбираться, влезать

    to get on one's feet - вставать (чтобы произнести речь, тост и т. п.)

    2) садиться в (трамвай и т. п.)

    here is your horse, get on - вот ваша лошадь, садитесь

    25. to get off smth. слезать с чего-л.

    to get off a bicycle [a horse] - слезать с велосипеда [лошади]

    get off that chair! - освободите кресло!

    get off the grass! - не ходите по траве!

    get off my back! - оставь меня в покое!, отцепись от меня!

    26. to get smb., smth. off smth. убрать кого-л., что-л. откуда-л.

    to get smb. off the train - снять кого-л. с поезда

    27. to get under smth. проходить, пролезать под чем-л.
    28. to get smth. under á state, á condition привести что-л. в какое-л. состояние, положение

    to get smth. under control - а) установить контроль над чем-л. б) навести порядок в чём-л.

    to get smb. under one's sway /influence/ - подчинить кого-л. своему влиянию

    29. to get onto smb.
    1) связаться с кем-л.

    I'll get onto the director and see if he can help - я свяжусь с директором, может быть, он сможет помочь

    2) разоблачать

    he tricked people for years until the police got onto him - он годами обманывал людей, пока полиция не разоблачила его

    III А
    1. разг.
    1) to have got иметь

    what have you got there? - что это у вас там?

    I haven't got a penny - у меня нет ни пенса /ни гроша/

    I've got an idea that... - я думаю, что..., мне кажется, что...

    2) to have got to do smth. быть должным что-л. сделать

    you've got to listen to what I say - ты обязан /должен/ меня выслушать

    to get cool - а) становиться прохладным; охлаждаться; б) успокаиваться

    to get free - а) освободиться, избавиться; б) спорт. освободиться ( от противника)

    to get clear (of debts) - освободиться /избавиться/ (от долгов), разделаться (с долгами)

    to get hot - а) разгорячиться; I'm getting hot - мне становится жарко; б) раздражаться

    to get better - а) поправляться (после болезни и т. п.); б) улучшаться, становиться лучше

    to get worse - а) ухудшаться ( о состоянии больного); б) ухудшаться, становиться хуже

    don't get rough! - не груби!, не хами!; не давай волю рукам

    to get done with smth., smb. - покончить с чем-л., с кем-л.

    to get married - (по)жениться; выйти замуж

    to get left - а) быть оставленным; б) остаться в дураках, быть одураченным, остаться с носом

    to get beaten - а) быть избитым; б) быть побеждённым; потерпеть поражение

    to get rubber-legged - спорт. потерять устойчивость

    get set! - спорт. приготовиться! ( команда)

    to get limbered up - спорт. размяться

    3. в сочетании с последующим существительным выражает действие, соответствующее значению существительного:

    to get a fright /a scare/ - испугаться, напугаться, перепугаться

    to get some sleep - вздремнуть, соснуть

    to get a sight of smb., smth. - увидеть /заметить/ кого-л., что-л.

    to get a glimpse [a peep] of smb., smth. - увидеть кого-л., что-л. мельком [украдкой]

    ♢

    to get to bed - лечь в постель; лечь спать

    to get one's breath /wind/ - отдышаться; перевести дыхание; прийти в себя

    to get wind - редк. распространиться ( о слухе)

    to get wind of smth. - почуять что-л.; узнать /пронюхать/ что-л.; своевременно разгадать что-л.

    to get the wind up, to get cold feet - сл. сдрейфить, струсить

    to get the wind, to get to the windward - мор. выйти на ветер

    to get the wind of smb. - иметь преимущество перед кем-л., быть в более благоприятных условиях, чем кто-л.

    to get back to the bunch - спорт. «достать» головную группу

    to get to close quarters - а) сблизиться, подойти на близкую дистанцию; б) столкнуться лицом к лицу; в) сцепиться в споре

    to get the upper hand - одержать победу, взять верх, одолеть; иметь превосходство /перевес/

    to get the whip-hand of smb. - иметь кого-л. в своём полном подчинении

    to get the better (end) of smb. - получить преимущество перед кем-л., взять верх над кем-л., превзойти /перехитрить/ кого-л.; ≅ за пояс заткнуть кого-л.

    to get the worst of it - потерпеть жестокое поражение; быть в наихудшем положении; вынести всю тяжесть чего-л.

    to get into smb.'s confidence - втереться кому-л. в доверие

    to get it /smth./ into one's head - вбить себе это /что-л./ в голову

    to get smb., smth. out of one's head /one's mind/ - выбросить кого-л., что-л. из головы

    to get smth. /it/ off one's chest - а) облегчить душу, чистосердечно сознаться в чём-л.; б) разразиться речью по поводу чего-л.

    to get smth. /it/ off one's conscience - успокоить свою совесть (в отношении чего-л.)

    to get one's (own) way - делать /поступать/ по-своему; настоять, поставить на своём, добиться своего

    to get in the way /in smb.'s way, in smb.'s road/ - мешать /препятствовать/ кому-л., стоять у кого-л. на пути; стать кому-л. поперёк дороги

    to get under way - а) отплывать, отходить; б) тронуться в путь, отправиться, выехать; в) начать проводить в жизнь, осуществлять; пускать в ход

    where does that get us? - что нам это даёт?

    now we're getting somewhere! - ну, наконец-то мы сдвинулись с места!

    you won't get anywhere if you behave like that - вы ничего не добьётесь, если будете себя так вести

    how did you get that way? - амер. как это тебя угораздило?

    to get into a mess /into a muddle/ - попасть в беду /в трудное положение/, запутаться, «влипнуть»

    to get into deep waters - находиться в тяжёлом /затруднительном, опасном/ положении

    to get out of one's depth - а) зайти слишком глубоко; попасть на глубокое место; не доставать дна; б) зайти слишком далеко

    to get on smb.'s nerves, амер. to get under smb.'s skin - действовать кому-л. на нервы, раздражать кого-л.

    to get smb.'s back up, to get smb.'s goat - разозлить /рассердить/ кого-л., вывести кого-л. из себя

    to get one's blood /dander/ up - разозлиться, разгорячиться, рассердиться, вспылить, выйти из себя

    to get in wrong with smb. - попасть в немилость к кому-л., заслужить чью-л. немилость

    to get back (some of) one's own, to get (some of) one's own back - отомстить за обиду /оскорбление/, взять реванш

    to get one's own back on smb. - отомстить кому-л.

    to get even with smb. - свести счёты /расквитаться/ с кем-л.

    to get above oneself - зазнаваться, воображать

    you're getting above yourself! - не задирай нос!

    to get hell, to get it, to get hot, to get it in the neck, to get a rap on /over/ the knuckles - получить выговор /(хороший) нагоняй, (хорошую, здоровую) взбучку, нахлобучку/; получить по шее; нарваться на выговор

    to get rid of smb., smth. - избавиться /отвязаться, отделаться/ от кого-л., чего-л.

    to get the mitten /the sack, the push, the gate/ - а) быть уволенным /выгнанным с работы/, «вылететь»; б) получить отказ /отставку/, быть отвергнутым ( о женихе)

    to get the boot /the kick/ = to get the mitten а)

    to get the bird - а) = to get the mitten а); б) быть освистанным /ошиканным/ (амер. тж. to get the big bird /the raspberry/)

    to get there /ahead/ - достичь своей цели, добиться своего; преуспеть, достигнуть успеха

    to get somewhere - достигнуть чего-л.

    to get nowhere - ничего не достигнуть; не достичь своей цели; не сдвинуться с мёртвой точки

    to get home - а) достигать своей цели; преуспевать, иметь успех; б) восстановить утраченное; оправиться после денежных затруднений; занять прежнее положение; в) выиграть, одержать победу ( о спортсмене); г) нанести удар; попасть в цель; попасть в точку; д) задеть за живое, ударить по больному месту; [см. тж. II Б 1]

    to get out of hand - отбиться от рук, выйти из подчинения /повиновения/, распуститься; выйти из-под власти /влияния, контроля/

    to get one's hands on smth. - достать /раздобыть/ что-л.

    I got my hands on a pair of shoes that I really like - мне удалось достать пару туфель, которые мне по-настоящему нравятся

    to get one's hand in it, to get the hang /the feel/ of it - набить руку, приобрести навык /умение, сноровку/ в чём-л., освоиться с чем-л.

    to get it down fine - основательно изучить /узнать/ что-л.

    to get wise to smth. - узнать что-л., познакомиться с чем-л.; осознавать /понимать/ что-л.; раскрыть что-л.

    to get down to brass tacks - а) перейти к делу; б) реально смотреть на вещи

    to get to the heart of the matter, to get to the back of smth. - добраться /докопаться/ до сути чего-л.; понять сущность чего-л.

    to get it on - сл. приходить в восторг, быть охваченным энтузиазмом

    to get religion - а) стать очень набожным; б) быть обращённым, принять веру

    to get out of bed on the wrong side - ≅ встать с левой ноги

    to get out from under - сл. «смотать удочки»

    to have got it bad - «заболеть», сильно увлечься (чем-л.)

    he's got it bad for her - он здорово ею увлёкся /втюрился, втрескался в неё/

    get! - амер. убирайся!, вон!

    get off it! - хвати!, кончай!

    НБАРС > get

  • 6 have

    have [hæv]
    verbe auxiliaire ⇒ 1 avoir ⇒ 1, 2A (a)-(c), 2B (b)-(e), 2C (a), 2C (b), 2F (a), 2F (d), 2F (h), 2F (i) être ⇒ 1 posséder ⇒ 2A (a) disposer de ⇒ 2A (b) prendre ⇒ 2B (c) passer ⇒ 2B (d) recevoir ⇒ 2C (a), 2C (b) vouloir ⇒ 2C (c), 2F (f) tenir ⇒ 2D (a) faire faire ⇒ 2E (b), 2E (c) placer ⇒ 2F (b) devoir ⇒ 2G (a), 2G (b) concerner ⇒ 2G (c)
    ⓘ GRAM Les formes négatives, haven't et hasn't, s'écrivent have not and has not dans un style plus soutenu.
    ⓘ GRAM Most French verbs will conjugate with avoir to form the perfect tense. However, all reflexive verbs and many intransitive verbs - mainly of motion - will conjugate with être.
    (3rd pers sing pres has [hæz], pt & pp had [hæd])
    ∎ to have finished avoir fini;
    ∎ to have left être parti;
    ∎ to have sat down s'être assis;
    ∎ to have been/had avoir été/eu;
    ∎ has she slept? a-t-elle dormi?;
    ∎ have they arrived? sont-ils arrivés?;
    ∎ he has been ill il a été malade;
    ∎ when you've calmed down quand vous vous serez calmé;
    ∎ I will have forgotten by next week j'aurai oublié d'ici la semaine prochaine;
    ∎ the children will have gone to bed by the time we arrive les enfants seront couchés quand nous arriverons;
    ∎ you were silly not to have accepted tu es bête de ne pas avoir accepté;
    ∎ after or when you have finished, you may leave quand vous aurez fini, vous pourrez partir;
    ∎ she was ashamed of having lied elle avait honte d'avoir menti;
    ∎ she felt she couldn't change her mind, having already agreed to go elle sentait qu'elle ne pouvait pas changer d'avis, étant donné qu'elle avait dit être d'accord pour y aller;
    ∎ I have been thinking j'ai réfléchi;
    ∎ he has been working here for two months il travaille ici depuis deux mois, il y a deux mois qu'il travaille ici;
    ∎ I have known her for three years/since childhood je la connais depuis trois ans/depuis mon enfance;
    ∎ I had known her for years cela faisait des années que je la connaissais, je la connaissais depuis des années;
    ∎ she claimed she hadn't heard the news elle a prétendu ne pas avoir entendu la nouvelle;
    ∎ I had already gone to bed when he arrived j'étais déjà couché quand il est arrivé;
    ∎ we had gone to bed early nous nous étions couchés de bonne heure;
    ∎ when he had given his speech, I left une fois qu'il eut terminé son discours, je partis;
    ∎ had I known, I wouldn't have insisted si j'avais su, je n'aurais pas insisté;
    ∎ if I had known, I wouldn't have said anything si j'avais su, je n'aurais rien dit;
    ∎ they would have been happy if it hadn't been for the war ils auraient vécu heureux si la guerre n'était pas survenue;
    ∎ why don't you just leave him and have done with it? pourquoi donc est-ce que vous ne le quittez pas, pour en finir?;
    ∎ I'd as soon not j'aimerais mieux pas;
    ∎ he'd rather or sooner stay at home than go out dancing il aimerait mieux rester ou il préférerait rester à la maison qu'aller danser;
    ∎ familiar he's had it (is in trouble) il est fichu ou foutu; (is worn out) il est à bout;
    ∎ familiar I've had it with all your complaining! j'en ai jusque-là de tes jérémiades!;
    ∎ familiar I've had it up to here with him j'en ai jusque-là de ce type-là;
    ∎ familiar the car has just about had it la voiture va bientôt rendre l'âme;
    ∎ familiar this plant has had it cette plante est fichue
    ∎ have you ever had the measles? - yes, I have/no, I haven't avez-vous eu la rougeole? - oui/non;
    ∎ she hasn't finished - yes, she has! elle n'a pas fini - (mais) si!;
    ∎ you've forgotten his birthday - no, I haven't! tu as oublié son anniversaire - mais non!;
    ∎ have you ever considered going into politics? if you have.../if you haven't… avez-vous déjà envisagé de rentrer dans la vie politique? si oui…/si non…;
    ∎ you've forgotten your gloves - so I have! vous avez oublié vos gants - en effet! ou tiens, c'est vrai!
    ∎ you've read 'Hamlet', haven't you? vous avez lu 'Hamlet', n'est-ce pas?;
    ∎ he hasn't arrived, has he? il n'est pas arrivé, si?;
    ∎ so she's got a new job, has she? elle a changé de travail alors?
    A.
    (a) (be in possession of, own) avoir, posséder;
    ∎ do you have or have you got a car? avez-vous une voiture?;
    ∎ they have (got) a lot of friends/money ils ont beaucoup d'amis/d'argent;
    ∎ they don't have or they haven't got any more ils n'en ont plus;
    ∎ she shares everything she has (got) with them elle partage tout ce qu'elle a avec eux;
    ∎ he has (got) £10 left il lui reste 10 livres;
    ∎ we have (got) six of them left il nous en reste six;
    ∎ do you have or have you got any children? if you have... avez-vous des enfants? si vous en avez ou si oui...;
    ∎ they have (got) a 50 percent interest in the business ils ont ou détiennent 50 pour cent des intérêts dans l'affaire;
    ∎ I have (got) a lot of work to finish j'ai beaucoup de travail à finir;
    ∎ do we have or have we got any milk in the house? est-ce qu'on a du lait ou est-ce qu'il y a du lait à la maison?;
    ∎ she has (got) a baker's shop/bookshop elle tient une boulangerie/librairie;
    ∎ do you have or have you got the time? avez-vous l'heure?;
    ∎ he doesn't have or hasn't got a job il n'a pas de travail, il est sans travail;
    ∎ we have (got) a deadline to meet nous avons un délai à respecter;
    ∎ I've got it! ça y est, j'ai trouvé ou j'y suis!;
    ∎ paper, envelopes and what have you du papier, des enveloppes et je ne sais quoi encore;
    ∎ proverb you can't have your cake and eat it on ne peut pas avoir le beurre et l'argent du beurre;
    ∎ familiar give it all you have or all you've got! mets-y le paquet!
    (b) (enjoy the use of) avoir, disposer de;
    ∎ we had a couple of hours to do our errands nous disposions de ou nous avions quelques heures pour faire nos courses;
    ∎ I don't have time or I haven't got time to stop for lunch je n'ai pas le temps de m'arrêter pour déjeuner;
    ∎ he has (got) a month to finish il a un mois pour finir;
    ∎ he hasn't (got) long to live il ne lui reste pas longtemps à vivre;
    ∎ do you have or have you (got) a minute (to spare)? tu as une minute?;
    ∎ she had the house to herself elle avait la maison pour elle toute seule;
    ∎ such questions have an important place in our lives ce genre de questions occupe une place importante dans notre vie;
    ∎ he has (got) nothing to do/to read il n'a rien à faire/à lire
    ∎ she has (got) red hair elle a les cheveux roux, elle est rousse;
    ∎ you have (got) beautiful eyes tu as de beaux yeux;
    ∎ the ticket has (got) a name on it il y a un nom sur le billet;
    ∎ to have good taste avoir bon goût;
    ∎ to have a bad temper avoir mauvais caractère;
    ∎ she has (got) a reputation for being difficult elle a la réputation d'être difficile;
    ∎ the house has (got) a beautiful view of the mountains de la maison, on a une belle vue sur les montagnes;
    ∎ she has (got) what it takes or she has it in her to succeed elle a ce qu'il faut pour réussir;
    ∎ you've never had it so good! vous n'avez jamais eu la vie si belle!;
    ∎ familiar he really has it bad for Emma il a complètement craqué pour Emma
    ∎ do you have or have you got any experience of teaching? avez-vous déjà enseigné?;
    ∎ she has (got) a clear sense of what matters elle sait très bien ce qui est important;
    ∎ he has some Greek and Latin il connaît un peu le grec et le latin;
    ∎ I have a little Spanish je parle un peu espagnol
    B.
    ∎ to have a dream/nightmare faire un rêve/cauchemar;
    ∎ I have no regrets je n'ai aucun regret ou pas de regrets;
    ∎ I didn't have any trouble in finding it je n'ai eu aucune peine à le trouver;
    ∎ we have (got) nothing or we don't have anything against dogs on n'a rien contre les chiens;
    ∎ I've had my appendix out je me suis fait opérer de l'appendicite;
    ∎ he had all his money stolen il s'est fait voler ou on lui a volé tout son argent;
    ∎ I love having my back rubbed j'adore qu'on me frotte le dos;
    ∎ they had some strange things happen to them il leur est arrivé de drôles de choses
    (b) (be infected with, suffer from) avoir;
    ∎ to have a cold avoir un rhume, être enrhumé;
    ∎ do you have or have you got a headache? avez-vous mal à la tête?;
    ∎ he has (got) problems with his back il a des problèmes de dos
    (c) (perform, take part in → bath, lesson) prendre; (→ meeting) avoir;
    ∎ we had our first argument last night nous nous sommes disputés hier soir pour la première fois;
    ∎ to have a stroll se promener, faire un tour;
    ∎ I want to have a think about it je veux y réfléchir;
    ∎ to have a party (organize) organiser une fête; (celebrate) faire la fête;
    ∎ I'll have no part in it je refuse de m'en mêler
    (d) (pass, spend) passer, avoir;
    ∎ I had a horrible day at work j'ai passé une journée atroce au travail;
    ∎ have a nice day! bonne journée!;
    ∎ to have a good time s'amuser;
    ∎ did you have a good time? c'était bien?, tu t'es bien amusé?;
    ∎ a good time was had by all tout le monde s'est bien amusé;
    ∎ she's had a hard time of it lately elle vient de traverser une mauvaise passe
    (e) (exhibit, show) avoir, montrer;
    ∎ have mercy on us! ayez pitié de nous!;
    ∎ he had the nerve to refuse il a eu le culot de refuser;
    ∎ he didn't even have the decency to apologize il n'a même pas eu la décence de s'excuser
    C.
    (a) (obtain, receive) avoir, recevoir;
    ∎ I'd like him to have this picture j'aimerais lui donner cette photo;
    ∎ I'd like to have your advice on something j'aimerais que vous me donniez un conseil à propos de quelque chose;
    ∎ we had a phone call from the mayor nous avons reçu ou eu un coup de fil du maire;
    ∎ they've still had no news of the lost plane ils n'ont toujours pas de nouvelles de l'avion (qui a) disparu;
    ∎ I have it on good authority je le tiens de bonne source;
    ∎ I must have your answer by tomorrow il me faut votre réponse pour demain;
    ∎ let me have your answer by next week donnez-moi votre réponse avant la semaine prochaine;
    ∎ let me have your keys donne-moi tes clefs;
    ∎ let me have the book back when you've finished rends-moi le livre quand tu auras fini;
    ∎ she let them have the wardrobe for £300 elle leur a laissé ou cédé l'armoire pour 300 livres;
    ∎ there are plenty of flats to be had il y a plein d'appartements;
    ∎ familiar I let him have it (attacked him) je lui ai réglé son compte; (told him off) je lui ai passé un savon;
    ∎ familiar you had it coming! tu ne l'as pas volé!
    (b) (invite) recevoir, avoir;
    ∎ she's having some people (over) for or to dinner elle reçoit ou elle a du monde à dîner;
    ∎ let's have him round for a drink et si on l'invitait à prendre un pot?;
    ∎ did you have any visitors? avez-vous eu de la visite?;
    ∎ after the movie we had them back for coffee après le cinéma, nous les avons invités à venir prendre le café chez nous
    (c) (accept, take) vouloir;
    ∎ he'd like to marry but nobody will have him! il aimerait se marier mais personne ne veut de lui!;
    ∎ do what you want, I'm having nothing more to do with your schemes fais ce que tu veux, je ne veux plus être mêlé à tes combines
    D.
    (a) (clutch) tenir;
    ∎ to have sb in one's power avoir qn en son pouvoir;
    ∎ the teacher had (got) him by the arm/the ear le maître le tenait par le bras/l'oreille;
    ∎ he had (got) his assailant by the throat il tenait son agresseur à la gorge
    ∎ you have me there! là vous me tenez!;
    ∎ I have (got) you right where I want you now! je vous tiens!;
    ∎ Sport the Bears have it! les Bears ont gagné!
    (c) (bewilder, perplex)
    ∎ who won? - you've got me there qui a gagné? - là, tu me poses une colle
    E.
    ∎ the news had me worried la nouvelle m'a inquiété;
    ∎ I'll have this light fixed in a minute j'en ai pour une minute à réparer cette lampe;
    ∎ we'll have everything ready tout sera prêt
    (b) (with past participle) (cause to be done) to have sth done faire faire qch;
    ∎ I had my hair cut je me suis fait couper les cheveux;
    ∎ we must have the curtains cleaned nous devons faire nettoyer les rideaux ou donner les rideaux à nettoyer;
    ∎ three houses had their windows shattered trois maisons ont eu leurs fenêtres brisées;
    ∎ she had coffee brought up to the room elle a fait monter du café dans la chambre;
    ∎ I had my watch stolen je me suis fait voler ma montre
    (c) (with infinitive) (cause to do) to have sb do sth faire faire qch à qn;
    ∎ she had him invite all the neighbours round elle lui a fait inviter tous les voisins;
    ∎ have them come in faites-les entrer;
    ∎ the boss had him up to his office le patron l'a convoqué dans son bureau;
    ∎ he soon had them all laughing il eut tôt fait de les faire tous rire;
    ∎ I had the children go to bed early j'ai couché les enfants de bonne heure;
    ∎ as he would have us believe comme il voudrait nous le faire croire
    F.
    (a) (consume → food, meal) avoir, prendre;
    ∎ we were having lunch nous étions en train de déjeuner;
    ∎ we're having dinner out tonight nous sortons dîner ce soir;
    ∎ to have breakfast in bed prendre le petit déjeuner au lit;
    ∎ would you like to have coffee? voulez-vous (prendre) un café?;
    ∎ do you have coffee or tea in the morning? prenez-vous du café ou du thé le matin?;
    ∎ I had tea with her j'ai pris le thé avec elle;
    ∎ we stopped and had a drink nous nous sommes arrêtés pour boire quelque chose;
    ∎ what will you have? - I'll have the lamb (in restaurant) qu'est-ce que vous prenez? - je vais prendre de l'agneau;
    ∎ we had fish for dinner nous avons mangé ou eu du poisson au dîner;
    ∎ he always has a cigarette after dinner il fume toujours une cigarette après le dîner;
    ∎ will you have a cigarette? voulez-vous une cigarette?
    (b) (indicating location, position) placer, mettre;
    ∎ we'll have the wardrobe here and the table in there nous mettrons l'armoire ici et la table par là;
    ∎ she had her arm around his shoulders elle avait mis le bras autour de ses épaules;
    ∎ I had my back to the window je tournais le dos à la fenêtre;
    ∎ he had his head down il avait la tête baissée
    ∎ she had her mother with her sa mère était avec elle;
    ∎ I can't talk right now, I have someone with me je ne peux pas parler, je ne suis pas seul ou je suis avec quelqu'un
    ∎ she's had a baby elle a eu un bébé;
    ∎ she had her baby last week elle a accouché la semaine dernière;
    ∎ she's going to have a baby elle attend ou elle va avoir un bébé;
    ∎ he's had three children by her il a eu trois enfants d'elle;
    ∎ our dog has just had puppies notre chien vient d'avoir des petits
    (e) (assert, claim) soutenir, maintenir;
    ∎ public opinion has it that he is not telling the truth on pense généralement qu'il ne dit pas la vérité;
    ∎ rumour has it that they're married le bruit court qu'ils sont mariés;
    ∎ as the government would have it comme dirait le gouvernement;
    ∎ as Plato has it comme dit Platon, comme l'a écrit Platon
    (f) (with "will" or "would") (wish for) vouloir;
    ∎ what would you have me do? que voudriez-vous que je fasse?;
    ∎ I'll have you know I have a degree in French je vous fais remarquer que j'ai une licence de français
    (g) (in negative) (allow, permit) I will not have him in my house! il ne mettra pas les pieds chez moi!;
    ∎ I won't have it! ça ne va pas se passer comme ça!;
    ∎ we can't have you sleeping on the floor nous ne pouvons pas vous laisser dormir par terre;
    ∎ familiar we tried to give the dog a bath but he wasn't having any of it! nous avons essayé de donner un bain au chien, mais rien n'y a fait!;
    ∎ familiar I'm not having any of your nonsense pas de bêtises
    (h) (in passive) familiar (cheat, outwit) avoir;
    ∎ you've been had! tu t'es fait avoir!
    G.
    (a) (with infinitive) (indicating obligation) to have (got) to do sth devoir faire qch, être obligé de faire qch;
    ∎ do you have to or have you got to leave so soon? êtes-vous obligé de partir ou faut-il que vous partiez si tôt?;
    ∎ I have (got) to go to the meeting il faut que j'aille ou je dois aller ou je suis obligé d'aller à la réunion;
    ∎ don't you have to or haven't you got to phone the office? est-ce que tu ne dois pas appeler le bureau?;
    ∎ he'll do it if he's got to il le fera s'il est obligé de le faire;
    ∎ you don't have to or you haven't got to go tu n'es pas obligé d'y aller;
    ∎ we had to take physics at school nous étions obligés de suivre des cours de physique à l'école;
    ∎ she had to take a blood test elle a été obligée de ou elle a dû faire un examen sanguin;
    ∎ I hate having to get up early j'ai horreur de devoir me lever tôt;
    ∎ I won't apologize - you have to je ne m'excuserai pas - il le faut;
    ∎ you've got to be joking! vous plaisantez!, c'est une plaisanterie!;
    ∎ you didn't have to tell your father what happened! tu n'avais pas besoin d'aller dire à ton père ce qui s'est passé!;
    ∎ ironic the train WOULD have to be late today of all days! il fallait que le train soit en retard aujourd'hui!;
    ∎ familiar that has (got) to be the stupidest idea I've ever heard! ça doit être l'idée la plus idiote que j'aie jamais entendue!
    (b) (with infinitive) (indicating necessity) devoir;
    ∎ you have (got) to get some rest il faut que vous vous reposiez, vous devez vous reposer;
    ∎ I'll have to think about it il va falloir que j'y réfléchisse;
    ∎ I have (got) to know il faut que je le sache;
    ∎ we have to be careful about what we say on doit faire attention ou il faut qu'on fasse attention à ce qu'on dit;
    ∎ some problems still have to or have still got to be worked out il reste encore des problèmes à résoudre;
    ∎ if you finish the report this evening you won't have to come in to work tomorrow si vous finissez le rapport ce soir, vous n'aurez pas besoin de venir travailler demain;
    ∎ first the potatoes have (got) to be washed il faut d'abord laver les pommes de terre;
    ∎ I don't like housework but it has (got) to be done je n'aime pas faire le ménage mais il faut bien que quelqu'un le fasse;
    ∎ the plumbing has (got) to be redone la plomberie a besoin d'être refaite;
    ∎ you'd have to be deaf not to hear that noise il faudrait être sourd pour ne pas entendre ce bruit;
    ∎ do you have to turn the music up so loud? vous ne pourriez pas baisser un peu la musique?
    (c) (with "to do") (idioms) the book has to do with archaeology ce livre traite de l'archéologie;
    ∎ their argument had to do with money ils se disputaient à propos d'argent;
    ∎ this has nothing to do with you ça ne te concerne ou regarde pas;
    ∎ I'll have nothing more to do with her je ne veux plus avoir affaire à elle;
    ∎ they had nothing to do with her being fired ils n'avaient rien à voir avec son licenciement
    ∎ the haves les riches mpl, les nantis mpl;
    ∎ the haves and the have-nots les riches mpl et les pauvres mpl, les nantis mpl et les démunis mpl
    (keep available) garder ou avoir sous la main;
    ∎ I have the documents around somewhere les documents sont là quelque part, j'ai les documents quelque part;
    ∎ she's a useful person to have around il est bon de l'avoir sous la main;
    ∎ I don't like having children around je n'aime pas la compagnie des enfants
    British Fencing attaquer
    ∎ to have it away (with sb) s'envoyer en l'air (avec qn)
    (invite from upstairs, the north) inviter;
    ∎ we're having his family down for the weekend sa famille vient passer le week-end chez nous
    (a) (cause to enter) faire entrer;
    ∎ she had him in for a chat elle l'a fait entrer pour discuter
    ∎ to have friends in for a drink inviter des amis à prendre un pot
    (c) (doctor, workman) faire venir;
    ∎ we had to have the doctor in nous avons dû faire venir le médecin;
    ∎ they've got workmen in at the moment ils ont des ouvriers en ce moment
    ∎ to have it in for sb avoir une dent contre qn;
    ∎ they had it in for me from the day I arrived ils en ont eu après moi dès mon arrivée
    (a) (remove) retirer;
    ∎ the barber nearly had my ear off le coiffeur a failli me couper l'oreille
    (b) (have removed) faire retirer;
    ∎ she's having the plaster off next week on lui retire son plâtre la semaine prochaine
    ∎ to have it off (with sb) s'envoyer en l'air (avec qn)
    (a) (wear) porter;
    ∎ what does she have on? qu'est-ce qu'elle porte?, comment est-elle habillée?;
    ∎ she had her black dress on elle avait ou portait sa robe noire;
    ∎ the child had nothing on l'enfant était tout nu
    (b) (radio, television)
    ∎ have you got the radio on? avez-vous allumé la radio?, est-ce que la radio est allumée?;
    ∎ he has the radio/television on all night sa radio/sa télévision est allumée toute la nuit
    (c) (commitment, engagement)
    ∎ we have a lot on today nous avons beaucoup à faire aujourd'hui;
    ∎ do you have anything on for tonight? avez-vous des projets pour ou êtes-vous pris ce soir?;
    ∎ I have nothing on for the weekend je n'ai rien de prévu ce week-end
    (d) British familiar (tease, trick) faire marcher;
    ∎ you're having me on! tu me fais marcher!;
    ∎ I was only having you on c'était juste pour te faire marcher
    ∎ they have nothing on me ils n'ont aucune preuve contre moi;
    ∎ the police have nothing on him la police n'a rien sur lui
    (a) (tooth) se faire arracher
    ∎ to have it out with sb s'expliquer avec qn;
    ∎ she had it or the matter or the whole thing out with him elle a eu une longue explication avec lui;
    ∎ let's have this out once and for all mettons les choses au point une fois pour toutes
    (invite) inviter
    ∎ I'll have you up for blackmail je vais vous poursuivre (en justice) pour chantage;
    ∎ they were had up by the police for vandalism ils ont été arrêtés pour vandalisme;
    ∎ he was had up (before the court) for breaking and entering il a comparu (devant le tribunal) pour effraction
    (b) (invite from downstairs, the south) inviter;
    ∎ he had them up (to his flat) for tea il les a invités à venir prendre le thé;
    ∎ we're having them up from London for the weekend il sont venus nous voir de Londres pour le week-end
    ✾ Film 'To Have and Have Not' Hawks 'Le Port de l'angoisse'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > have

  • 7 over

    1.
    ['əʊvə(r)]adverb
    1) (outward and downward) hinüber
    2) (so as to cover surface)

    draw/board/cover over — zuziehen/-nageln/-decken

    3) (with motion above something)

    climb/look/jump over — hinüber- od. (ugs.) rüberklettern/-sehen/-springen

    4) (so as to reverse position etc.) herum

    switch over — umschalten [Programm, Sender]

    it rolled over and over — es rollte und rollte

    5) (across a space) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber

    he swam over to us/the other side — er schwamm zu uns herüber/hinüber zur anderen Seite

    over here/there — (direction) hier herüber/dort hinüber; (location) hier/dort

    they are over [here] for the day — sie sind einen Tag hier

    ask somebody over [for dinner] — jemanden [zum Essen] einladen

    [come in, please,] over — übernehmen Sie bitte

    7) (in excess etc.)

    children of 12 and over — Kinder im Alter von zwölf Jahren und darüber

    be [left] over — übrig [geblieben] sein

    9 into 28 goes 3 and 1 over — 28 geteilt durch neun ist gleich 3, Rest 1

    it's a bit over — (in weight) es ist ein bisschen mehr

    8) (from beginning to end) von Anfang bis Ende

    over and over [again] — immer wieder

    9) (at an end) vorbei; vorüber

    be over — vorbei sein; [Aufführung:] zu Ende sein

    10)

    all over — (completely finished) aus [und vorbei]; (in or on one's whole body etc.) überall; (in characteristic attitude) typisch

    I ache all over — mir tut alles weh

    be shaking all over — am ganzen Körper zittern

    that is him/something all over — das ist typisch für ihn/etwas

    11) (overleaf) umseitig
    2. preposition
    1) (above) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    2) (on) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    3) (in or across every part of) [überall] in (+ Dat.); (to and fro upon) über (+ Akk.); (all through) durch

    all over — (in or on all parts of) überall in (+ Dat.)

    she spilt wine all over her skirt — sie hat sich (Dat.) Wein über den ganzen Rock geschüttet

    4) (round about) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    5) (on account of) wegen
    6) (engaged with) bei

    take trouble over something — sich (Dat.) mit etwas Mühe geben

    over work/dinner/a cup of tea — bei der Arbeit/beim Essen/bei einer Tasse Tee

    7) (superior to, in charge of) über (+ Akk.)

    have command/authority over somebody — Befehlsgewalt über jemanden/Weisungsbefugnis gegenüber jemandem haben

    be over somebody — (in rank) über jemandem stehen

    8) (beyond, more than) über (+ Akk.)

    it's been over a month since... — es ist über einen Monat her, dass...

    9) (in comparison with)
    10) (out and down from etc.) über (+ Akk.)
    11) (across) über (+ Akk.)

    the pub over the road — die Wirtschaft auf der anderen Straßenseite od. gegenüber

    be over the worst — das Schlimmste hinter sich (Dat.) od. überstanden haben

    12) (throughout, during) über (+ Akk.)

    stay over Christmas/the weekend/Wednesday — über Weihnachten/das Wochenende/bis Donnerstag bleiben

    * * *
    ['əuvə] 1. preposition
    1) (higher than; above in position, number, authority etc: Hang that picture over the fireplace; He's over 90 years old.) über
    2) (from one side to another, on or above the top of; on the other side of: He jumped over the gate; She fell over the cat; My friend lives over the street.) über
    3) (covering: He put his handkerchief over his face.) über
    4) (across: You find people like him all over the world.) über
    5) (about: a quarrel over money.) wegen
    6) (by means of: He spoke to her over the telephone.) durch
    7) (during: Over the years, she grew to hate her husband.) während
    8) (while having etc: He fell asleep over his dinner.) über
    2. adverb
    1) (higher, moving etc above: The plane flew over about an hour ago.)
    2) (used to show movement, change of position: He rolled over on his back; He turned over the page.)
    3) (across: He went over and spoke to them.)
    4) (downwards: He fell over.)
    5) (higher in number etc: for people aged twenty and over.)
    6) (remaining: There are two cakes for each of us, and two over.)
    7) (through from beginning to end, carefully: Read it over; Talk it over between you.)
    3. adjective
    (finished: The affair is over now.) über
    4. noun
    ((in cricket) a certain number of balls bowled from one end of the wicket: He bowled thirty overs in the match.) das Over
    5. as part of a word
    1) (too (much), as in overdo.) über...
    2) (in a higher position, as in overhead.) ober...
    3) (covering, as in overcoat.) über...
    4) (down from an upright position, as in overturn.) um...
    5) (completely, as in overcome.) über...
    •
    - academic.ru/117784/over_again">over again
    - over all
    - over and done with
    * * *
    [ˈəʊvəʳ, AM ˈoʊvɚ]
    I. adv inv, pred
    1. (across) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber
    come \over here komm hierher
    why don't you come \over for dinner on Thursday? kommt doch am Donnerstag zum Abendessen zu uns
    he is flying \over from the States tomorrow er kommt morgen aus den Staaten 'rüber fam
    I've got a friend \over from Canada this week ich habe diese Woche einen Freund aus Kanada zu Besuch
    to move [sth] \over [etw] [beiseite] rücken
    I've got a friend \over in Munich ein Freund von mir lebt in München
    \over the sea in Übersee
    \over there dort [drüben]
    3. (another way up) auf die andere Seite
    the dog rolled \over onto its back der Hund rollte sich auf den Rücken
    to turn sth \over etw umdrehen
    to turn a page \over [eine Seite] umblättern
    \over and \over [immer wieder] um sich akk selbst
    the children rolled \over and \over down the gentle slope die Kinder kugelten den leichten Abhang hinunter
    to fall \over hinfallen
    to knock sth \over etw umstoßen
    ▪ to be \over vorbei [o aus] sein
    the game was \over by 5 o'clock das Spiel war um 5 Uhr zu Ende
    it's all \over between us zwischen uns ist es aus
    that's all \over now damit ist es jetzt vorbei
    to be all \over bar the shouting so gut wie gelaufen sein fam
    to get sth \over with etw abschließen
    to get sth \over and done with etw hinter sich akk bringen
    6. AVIAT, TELEC over, Ende
    \over and out Ende [der Durchsage] fam
    [left] \over übrig
    there were a few sandwiches left \over ein paar Sandwiches waren noch übrig
    to read sth \over etw durchlesen
    to talk sth \over etw durchsprechen
    to think sth \over etw überdenken
    the world \over überall auf der Welt
    all \over ganz und gar
    that's him all \over typisch er
    I was wet all \over ich war völlig durchnässt
    10. AM (again) noch einmal
    all \over alles noch einmal
    I'll make you write it all \over ich lasse dich alles noch einmal schreiben
    to say everything twice \over alles zweimal sagen; five times \over fünfmal hintereinander
    \over and \over immer [o wieder und] wieder
    I've done all I can. it's now over to you ich habe alles getan, was ich konnte. jetzt bist du dran
    12. RADIO, TV
    and now it's \over to John Regis for his report wir geben jetzt weiter an John Regis und seinen Bericht
    now we're going \over to Wembley for commentary zum Kommentar schalten wir jetzt hinüber nach Wembley
    13. (more) mehr
    people who are 65 and \over Menschen, die 65 Jahre oder älter sind
    14.
    ▶ to give \over die Klappe halten sl
    ▶ to have one \over the eight BRIT einen sitzen haben fam
    ▶ to hold sth \over etw verschieben
    II. prep
    1. (across) über + akk
    he spilled wine \over his shirt er goss sich Wein über sein Hemd
    he looked \over his newspaper er schaute über seine Zeitung hinweg
    the village is just \over the next hill das Dorf liegt hinter dem nächsten Hügel
    the diagram is \over the page das Diagramm ist auf der nächsten Seite
    \over the way [or road] BRIT auf der anderen Straßenseite, gegenüber
    they live just \over the road from us sie wohnen uns gegenüber auf der anderen Straßenseite
    3. (above) über + dat
    he sat there, bent \over his books er saß da, über seine Bücher gebeugt
    to have a roof \over one's head ein Dach über dem Kopf haben
    4. (everywhere) [überall] in + dat; (moving everywhere) durch + akk
    all \over überall in + dat
    she had blood all \over her hands sie hatte die Hände voll Blut
    you've got mustard all \over your face du hast Senf überall im Gesicht
    all \over the country im ganzen Land
    we travelled all \over the country wir haben das ganze Land bereist
    all \over the world auf der ganzen Welt
    to be all \over sb (sl) von jdm hingerissen sein
    to show sb \over the house jdm das Haus zeigen
    5. (during) in + dat
    , während + gen
    shall we talk about it \over a cup of coffee? sollen wir das bei einer Tasse Kaffee besprechen?
    gentlemen are asked not to smoke \over dinner die Herren werden gebeten, während des Essens nicht zu rauchen
    she fell asleep \over her homework sie nickte über ihren Hausaufgaben ein
    \over the last few months in den letzten Monaten
    \over the summer den Sommer über
    \over the years mit den Jahren
    6. (more than, longer than) über + akk
    this shirt cost me \over £50! dieses Hemd hat mich über 50 Pfund gekostet!
    they are already 25 million dollars \over budget sie haben das Budget bereits um 25 Millionen Dollar überzogen
    he will not survive \over the winter er wird den Winter nicht überstehen
    \over and above über + akk... hinaus
    she receives an extra allowance \over and above the usual welfare payments sie bekommt über die üblichen Sozialhilfeleistungen hinaus eine zusätzliche Beihilfe
    \over and above that darüber hinaus
    7. (through)
    he told me \over the phone er sagte es mir am Telefon
    we heard the news \over the radio wir hörten die Nachricht im Radio
    8. (in superiority to) über + akk
    he has authority \over thirty employees er hat dreißig Mitarbeiter unter sich
    she has a regional sales director \over her sie untersteht einem Gebietsvertriebsleiter
    a colonel is \over a sergeant in the army ein Colonel steht über einem Sergeant in der Armee
    her husband always did have a lot of influence \over her ihr Mann hat schon immer einen großen Einfluss auf sie gehabt
    9. (about) über + akk
    there's no point in arguing \over it es hat keinen Sinn, darüber zu streiten
    don't fret \over him — he'll be alright mach dir keine Sorgen um ihn — es wird ihm schon gutgehen
    we've been \over this before — no TV until you've done your homework das hatten wir doch alles schon — kein Fernsehen bis du deine Hausaufgaben gemacht hast
    10. (past) über + akk... hinweg
    he's not fully recovered but he's certainly \over the worst er ist zwar noch nicht wieder ganz gesund, aber er hat das Schlimmste überstanden
    to be/get \over sb über die Trennung von jdm hinweg sein/kommen
    to be \over an obstacle ein Hindernis überwunden haben
    11. MATH (in fraction) durch + akk
    48 \over 7 is roughly 7 48 durch 7 ist ungefähr 7
    2 \over 5 zwei Fünftel
    * * *
    ['əʊvə(r)]
    1. prep
    1) (indicating motion) über (+acc)

    he spilled coffee over it — er goss Kaffee darüber, er vergoss Kaffee darauf

    2) (indicating position = above, on top of) über (+dat)

    if you hang the picture over the desk — wenn du das Bild über dem Schreibtisch aufhängst or über den Schreibtisch hängst

    3) (= on the other side of) über (+dat); (= to the other side of) über (+acc)

    the house over the road —

    when they were over the river — als sie über den Fluss hinüber waren

    4) (= in or across every part of) in (+dat)

    they came from all over England —

    you've got ink all over you/your hands — Sie/Ihre Hände sind ganz voller Tinte

    5) (= superior to) über (+dat)

    he has no control over his urges/his staff — er hat seine Triebe/seine Angestellten nicht unter Kontrolle

    6) (= more than, longer than) über (+acc)

    that was well over a year ago — das ist gut ein Jahr her, das war vor gut einem Jahr

    7) (in expressions of time) über (+acc); (= during) während (+gen), in (+dat)

    over the summer we have been trying... — während des Sommers haben wir versucht...

    over the (past) years I've come to realize... — im Laufe der (letzten) Jahre ist mir klar geworden...

    8)

    they talked over a cup of coffee —

    let's discuss that over dinner/a beer — besprechen wir das beim Essen/bei einem Bier

    9)
    10) (= about) über (+acc)

    it's not worth arguing over —

    11)
    2. adv
    1) (= across) (away from speaker) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber; (= on the other side) drüben

    they swam over to us —

    he took the fruit over to his mother when the first man is over the second starts to climb/swim — er brachte das Obst zu seiner Mutter hinüber wenn der Erste drüben angekommen ist, klettert/schwimmt der Zweite los

    I just thought I'd come over — ich dachte, ich komme mal rüber (inf)

    he is over here/there — er ist hier/dort drüben

    and now over to our reporter in Belfast — und nun schalten wir zu unserem Reporter in Belfast um

    and now over to Paris where... — und nun (schalten wir um) nach Paris, wo...

    he went over to the enemy — er lief zum Feind über

    2)

    you've got dirt all over — Sie sind voller Schmutz, Sie sind ganz schmutzig

    I'm wet all over — ich bin völlig nass

    3)

    (indicating movement from one side to another, from upright position) to turn an object over (and over) — einen Gegenstand (immer wieder) herumdrehen

    he hit her and over she went — er schlug sie, und sie fiel um

    4) (= ended) film, first act, operation, fight etc zu Ende; romance, summer vorbei, zu Ende

    the danger was over — die Gefahr war vorüber, es bestand keine Gefahr mehr

    5)

    over and over (again) — immer (und immer) wieder, wieder und wieder

    must I say everything twice over! — muss ich denn immer alles zweimal sagen!

    6) (= excessively) übermäßig, allzu
    7) (= remaining) übrig

    there was no/a lot of meat (left) over — es war kein Fleisch mehr übrig/viel Fleisch übrig

    7 into 22 goes 3 and 1 over — 22 durch 7 ist 3, Rest 1

    8)

    (= more) children of 8 and over —

    all results of 5.3 and over — alle Ergebnisse ab 5,3 or von 5,3 und darüber

    9) (TELEC)

    come in, please, over — bitte kommen, over

    over and out — Ende der Durchsage; (Aviat) over and out

    3. n (CRICKET)
    6 aufeinanderfolgende Würfe
    * * *
    over [ˈəʊvə(r)]
    A präp
    1. (Grundbedeutung) über (dat oder akk)
    2. (Lage) über (dat):
    3. (Richtung, Bewegung) über (akk), über (akk) … hin, über (akk) … (hin)weg:
    the bridge over the Danube die Brücke über die Donau;
    he escaped over the border er entkam über die Grenze;
    he will get over it fig er wird darüber hinwegkommen
    4. durch:
    5. Br über (dat), jenseits (gen), auf der anderen Seite von (oder gen):
    over the sea in Übersee, jenseits des Meeres;
    over the street ( oder road) auf der anderen Straßenseite;
    over the way gegenüber
    6. über (dat), bei:
    he fell asleep over his work er schlief über seiner Arbeit ein;
    over a cup of tea bei einer Tasse Tee
    7. über (akk), wegen:
    8. (Herrschaft, Autorität, Rang) über (dat oder akk):
    be over sb über jemandem stehen;
    reign over a kingdom über ein Königreich herrschen;
    he set him over the others er setzte ihn über die anderen
    9. vor (dat):
    preference over the others Vorzug vor den andern
    10. über (akk), mehr als:
    over a week über eine Woche, länger als eine Woche;
    over and above zusätzlich zu, außer ( → B 13)
    11. über (akk), während:
    over the years im Laufe der Jahre;
    over many years viele Jahre hindurch
    12. durch:
    he went over his notes er ging seine Notizen durch
    B adv
    1. hinüber…, darüber…:
    2. hinüber… (to zu):
    3. fig über…, zur anderen Seite oder Partei:
    they went over to the enemy sie liefen zum Feind über
    4. herüber…:
    come over!
    5. drüben:
    over by the tree drüben beim Baum;
    over in Canada (drüben) in Kanada;
    a) da drüben,
    b) US umg (drüben) in Europa;
    over against gegenüber (dat) (a. fig im Gegensatz od im Vergleich zu)
    6. (genau) darüber:
    7. darüber(…), über…(-decken etc):
    paint sth over etwas übermalen
    a) über…(-geben etc)
    b) über…(-kochen etc)
    9. (oft in Verbindung mit Verben)
    a) um…(-fallen, -werfen etc)
    b) herum…(-drehen etc)
    10. durch(weg), von Anfang bis (zum) Ende:
    one foot over ein Fuß im Durchmesser;
    covered (all) over with red spots ganz oder über und über mit roten Flecken bedeckt;
    a) in der ganzen Welt,
    b) durch die ganze Welt
    11. (gründlich) über…(-legen, -denken etc)
    12. nochmals, wieder:
    (all) over again nochmal, (ganz) von vorn;
    over and over again immer (u. immer) wieder;
    do sth over etwas nochmals tun;
    ten times over zehnmal hintereinander
    13. darüber, mehr:
    children of ten years and over Kinder ab 10 Jahren;
    10 ounces and over 10 Unzen und mehr;
    over and above außerdem, obendrein, überdies ( → A 10)
    14. übrig:
    15. (zeitlich, im Deutschen oft unübersetzt)
    a) ständig
    b) länger:
    we stayed over till Monday wir blieben bis Montag
    16. zu Ende, vorüber, vorbei:
    over! (Funksprechverkehr) over!, kommen!;
    all over ganz vorbei;
    all over with erledigt, vorüber;
    it’s all over with him es ist aus und vorbei mit ihm, er ist endgültig erledigt umg;
    all over and done with total erledigt
    C adj
    1. ober(er, e, es), Ober…
    2. äußer(er, e, es), Außen…
    3. überzählig, überschüssig, übrig
    D s Überschuss m:
    over of exports Exportüberschuss
    * * *
    1.
    ['əʊvə(r)]adverb

    draw/board/cover over — zuziehen/-nageln/-decken

    3) (with motion above something)

    climb/look/jump over — hinüber- od. (ugs.) rüberklettern/-sehen/-springen

    4) (so as to reverse position etc.) herum

    switch over — umschalten [Programm, Sender]

    5) (across a space) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber

    he swam over to us/the other side — er schwamm zu uns herüber/hinüber zur anderen Seite

    over here/there — (direction) hier herüber/dort hinüber; (location) hier/dort

    they are over [here] for the day — sie sind einen Tag hier

    ask somebody over [for dinner] — jemanden [zum Essen] einladen

    [come in, please,] over — übernehmen Sie bitte

    7) (in excess etc.)

    be [left] over — übrig [geblieben] sein

    9 into 28 goes 3 and 1 over — 28 geteilt durch neun ist gleich 3, Rest 1

    it's a bit over — (in weight) es ist ein bisschen mehr

    8) (from beginning to end) von Anfang bis Ende

    over and over [again] — immer wieder

    9) (at an end) vorbei; vorüber

    be over — vorbei sein; [Aufführung:] zu Ende sein

    10)

    all over — (completely finished) aus [und vorbei]; (in or on one's whole body etc.) überall; (in characteristic attitude) typisch

    that is him/something all over — das ist typisch für ihn/etwas

    11) (overleaf) umseitig
    2. preposition
    1) (above) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    2) (on) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    3) (in or across every part of) [überall] in (+ Dat.); (to and fro upon) über (+ Akk.); (all through) durch

    all over — (in or on all parts of) überall in (+ Dat.)

    she spilt wine all over her skirt — sie hat sich (Dat.) Wein über den ganzen Rock geschüttet

    4) (round about) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)

    take trouble over something — sich (Dat.) mit etwas Mühe geben

    over work/dinner/a cup of tea — bei der Arbeit/beim Essen/bei einer Tasse Tee

    7) (superior to, in charge of) über (+ Akk.)

    have command/authority over somebody — Befehlsgewalt über jemanden/Weisungsbefugnis gegenüber jemandem haben

    be over somebody — (in rank) über jemandem stehen

    8) (beyond, more than) über (+ Akk.)

    it's been over a month since... — es ist über einen Monat her, dass...

    10) (out and down from etc.) über (+ Akk.)
    11) (across) über (+ Akk.)

    be over the worst — das Schlimmste hinter sich (Dat.) od. überstanden haben

    12) (throughout, during) über (+ Akk.)

    stay over Christmas/the weekend/Wednesday — über Weihnachten/das Wochenende/bis Donnerstag bleiben

    * * *
    adj.
    aus adj.
    vorbei adj.
    übermäßig adj. prep.
    hinüber präp.
    über präp.

    English-german dictionary > over

  • 8 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 9 after

    after ['ɑ:ftə(r)]
    après ⇒ 1 (a)-(g), 2, 3 derrière ⇒ 1 (e) d'après ⇒ 1 (h) ensuite ⇒ 2 après que ⇒ 3
    (a) (in time → gen) après; (→ period) après, au bout de;
    ∎ after a while au bout d'un moment, après un moment;
    ∎ after breakfast après le petit déjeuner;
    ∎ after dark après la tombée de la nuit;
    ∎ the day after the battle le lendemain de la bataille;
    ∎ after which she left après quoi elle est partie;
    ∎ it is after six o'clock already il est déjà six heures passées ou plus de six heures;
    ∎ shortly after midday/three peu après midi/trois heures;
    ∎ American it's twenty after eight il est huit heures vingt;
    ∎ the day after tomorrow après-demain m;
    ∎ after this date passé ou après cette date
    (b) (in space) après;
    ∎ the shopping centre is just after the church le centre commercial est juste après l'église;
    ∎ there ought to be a comma after "however" il devrait y avoir une virgule après "however"
    (c) (in series, priority etc) après;
    ∎ Rothman comes after Richardson Rothman vient après Richardson;
    ∎ I would put Racine after Molière pour moi Racine passe après Molière;
    ∎ after you (politely) après vous (je vous en prie);
    ∎ after you with the paper tu peux me passer le journal quand tu l'auras fini
    ∎ day after day jour après jour;
    ∎ time after time maintes (et maintes) fois;
    ∎ (for) mile after mile sur des kilomètres et des kilomètres;
    ∎ he's made mistake after mistake il a fait erreur sur erreur;
    ∎ generation after generation of farmers des générations entières de fermiers;
    ∎ there was street after street of apartment blocks rue après rue, les immeubles se succédaient;
    ∎ it's been one crisis after another ever since she arrived on va de crise en crise depuis son arrivée
    (e) (behind) après, derrière;
    ∎ close the door after you fermez la porte derrière vous;
    ∎ he locked up after them il a tout fermé après leur départ ou après qu'ils soient partis;
    ∎ don't expect me to clean up after you ne croyez pas que je vais nettoyer derrière vous
    (f) (in view of) après;
    ∎ I'll never speak to him again, after what he said to me je ne lui parlerai plus jamais après ce qu'il m'a dit;
    ∎ after the way I've been treated après la façon dont on m'a traité;
    ∎ after what you told me après ce que vous m'avez dit;
    ∎ and after all I've done for them! et après tout ce que j'ai fait pour eux!
    ∎ after all the trouble I took, no one came après ou malgré tout le mal que je me suis donné, personne n'est venu
    ∎ after Rubens d'après Rubens
    ∎ to be after sb/sth chercher qn/qch;
    ∎ she's after you elle te cherche; (angry with) elle t'en veut; (attracted to) tu l'intéresses;
    ∎ the police are after him la police est à ses trousses, il est recherché par la police;
    ∎ their mother always seems to be after them leur mère a l'air de ne jamais les laisser tranquilles;
    ∎ he's after her money il en veut à son argent;
    ∎ familiar what's he after? (want) qu'est-ce qu'il veut?□ ; (looking for) qu'est-ce qu'il cherche?□ ; (intend) qu'est-ce qu'il a derrière la tête?;
    ∎ familiar I know what she's after je sais où elle veut en venir;
    ∎ she's after a full-time job elle cherche un travail à temps plein
    ∎ to ask or to inquire after sb demander des nouvelles de qn;
    ∎ British to name a child after sb donner à un enfant le nom de qn;
    ∎ to run after sb courir après qn;
    ∎ they ran after him ils lui ont couru après
    après, ensuite;
    ∎ the day after le lendemain, le jour suivant;
    ∎ the night after la nuit d'après;
    ∎ two days after deux jours après ou plus tard;
    ∎ the week after la semaine d'après ou suivante;
    ∎ for months after pendant des mois après;
    ∎ soon after peu après;
    ∎ long after longtemps après;
    (when subject changes) après que + indicative ou familiar subjunctive; (when subject stays the same) après + infinitive;
    ∎ come and see me after you have spoken to him venez me voir quand vous lui aurez parlé;
    ∎ I came after he had left je suis arrivé après qu'il soit parti;
    ∎ after I had seen him I went out après l'avoir vu, je suis sorti;
    ∎ after saying goodnight to the children après avoir dit bonsoir aux enfants;
    ∎ was that before or after you'd signed the contract? était-ce avant ou après que vous ayez signé le contrat?
    ∎ in after life or years plus tard dans la vie
    (b) Nautical (cabin, hold, mast) arrière
    British familiar Cookery dessert□ m;
    ∎ what's for afters? qu'est-ce qu'il y a pour le dessert ou comme dessert?;
    ∎ there was ice cream for afters il y avait de la glace en dessert ou pour le dessert
    ∎ after all, she is very young après tout, elle est très jeune;
    ∎ that, after all, is why we came après tout, c'est pour ça qu'on est venus;
    ∎ it only costs £5 after all ça ne coûte que cinq livres après tout
    (b) (against expectation) après ou malgré tout;
    ∎ so she was right after all alors elle avait raison en fait;
    ∎ so you went to the party after all? alors, finalement, tu es allé à la soirée?
    l'un après l'autre;
    ∎ one after another they got up and left the room l'un après l'autre, ils se levèrent et quittèrent la pièce;
    ∎ he made several mistakes one after the other il a fait plusieurs fautes d'affilée ou à la file

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > after

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  • china — /chuy neuh/, n. 1. a translucent ceramic material, biscuit fired at a high temperature, its glaze fired at a low temperature. 2. any porcelain ware. 3. plates, cups, saucers, etc., collectively. 4. figurines made of porcelain or ceramic material …   Universalium

  • China — /chuy neuh/, n. 1. People s Republic of, a country in E Asia. 1,221,591,778; 3,691,502 sq. mi. (9,560,990 sq. km). Cap.: Beijing. 2. Republic of. Also called Nationalist China. a republic consisting mainly of the island of Taiwan off the SE coast …   Universalium

  • India — /in dee euh/, n. 1. Hindi, Bharat. a republic in S Asia: a union comprising 25 states and 7 union territories; formerly a British colony; gained independence Aug. 15, 1947; became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations Jan. 26, 1950.… …   Universalium

  • international relations — a branch of political science dealing with the relations between nations. [1970 75] * * * Study of the relations of states with each other and with international organizations and certain subnational entities (e.g., bureaucracies and political… …   Universalium

  • Germany — /jerr meuh nee/, n. a republic in central Europe: after World War II divided into four zones, British, French, U.S., and Soviet, and in 1949 into East Germany and West Germany; East and West Germany were reunited in 1990. 84,068,216; 137,852 sq.… …   Universalium

  • United States — a republic in the N Western Hemisphere comprising 48 conterminous states, the District of Columbia, and Alaska in North America, and Hawaii in the N Pacific. 267,954,767; conterminous United States, 3,022,387 sq. mi. (7,827,982 sq. km); with… …   Universalium

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